Analytical Model of the Connection Handoff in 5G Mobile Networks with Call Admission Control Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Firstly, this article presents a generalized model of the limited-availability group that can be used to determine the blocking probability for individual classes of requests offered in 5G systems without CAC mechanisms introduced.
- Secondly, this article describes a model of a limited-availability group with resource reservation mechanisms for blocking probability calculations in 5G systems with reservation mechanisms.
- Then, this article proposes a model of a limited-availability group with threshold mechanisms used for blocking probability calculations in 5G systems.
- Finally, this article presents the algorithm for a blocking probability calculation in the group of cells in 5G systems with CAC mechanisms.
2. Limited-Availability Group
2.1. Generalized Model of the Limited-Availability Group with Erlang Traffic Streams
2.2. Structure of Offered Traffic
2.3. Blocking Probability Calculations
3. Limited-Availability Group with CAC Mechanisms
3.1. Resource Reservation Mechanism
- Determination of values of the offered traffic according to (3).
- Calculation of the values of the total conditional passing coefficients based on (15).
- Determination of state probabilities on the basis of the modified Kaufman–Roberts recursion (16).
- Determination of the blocking probabilities for calls of particular traffic classes using (17).
3.2. Threshold Mechanism
- Determination of values of offered traffic for threshold area u according to (18).
- Calculation of the values of the total conditional passing coefficients for threshold area u based on (21).
- Determination of state probabilities on the basis of the modified Kaufman–Roberts recursion (22).
- Determination of the blocking probabilities for particular traffic class calls using (23).
4. Traffic Flows Optimization in 5G Networks
- cell 1 and its neighboring cells: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
- cell 2 and its neighboring cells: 3, 1, 7;
- cell 3 and its neighboring cells: 4, 1, 2;
- cell 4 and its neighboring cells: 5, 1, 3;
- cell 5 and its neighboring cells: 6, 1, 4;
- cell 6 and its neighboring cells: 7, 1, 5;
- cell 7 and its neighboring cells: 2, 1, 6;
- In the case of a system without CAC mechanisms or with a reservation mechanism:
- For a system with the following threshold mechanism:
- In the case of a system without CAC mechanisms:
- In the case of a system with reservation mechanisms:
- In the case of a system with threshold mechanisms:
- In the case of a system without CAC mechanisms:
- In the case of a system with reservation mechanisms:
- In the case of a system with threshold mechanisms:
- Method 1:
- method 2:
- Setting the number of assemblies to .
- Increasing the number of assemblies to .
- Checking the assembly number. If , go to Step 2.
5. Numerical Examples
- Group 1:
- −
- Capacity of particular cells expressed in BBUs: , , , , , , ;
- −
- Traffic classes: , BBU, , BBUs, , BBUs, ;
- −
- Sets of traffic sources: , , , , , , , ;
- −
- Reservation mechanism: , (of total system capacity);
- −
- Threshold mechanism: , , (of total system capacity), , , BBUs, .
- Group 2:
- −
- Capacity of particular cells expressed in BBUs: , , , , , , .
- −
- Traffic classes: , BBU, , BBUs, , BBUs, , BBUs, ;
- −
- Sets of traffic sources: , , , , , , , , ;
- −
- Reservation mechanism: , (of total system capacity);
- −
- Threshold mechanism: , , , , (of total system capacity), , , BBUs, , , , BBUs, , BBUs, .
- Group 3:
- −
- Capacity of particular cells expressed in BBUs: , , , , , , .
- −
- Traffic classes: , BBU, , BBUs, , BBUs, ;
- −
- Sets of traffic sources: , , , , , , ;
- −
- Reservation mechanism: , (of total system capacity);
- −
- Threshold mechanism: , , (of total system capacity), , , BBUs, .
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BBU | basic bandwidth unit |
CAC | call admission control |
IoT | Internet of Things |
LAG | limited-availability group |
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Simulation | Generated Calls | Lost Calls | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,015,163 | 2,002,972 | 1,000,000 | 0 | 4 | 40 |
2 | 8,000,646 | 1,999,606 | 1,000,000 | 0 | 4 | 36 |
3 | 8,003,612 | 2,001,242 | 1,000,000 | 0 | 6 | 23 |
4 | 7,997,956 | 1,998,845 | 1,000,000 | 1 | 6 | 26 |
5 | 8,006,855 | 2,003,639 | 1,000,000 | 1 | 2 | 42 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,005,402 | 2,000,097 | 1,000,000 | 3 | 114 | 758 |
2 | 8,002,535 | 2,002,714 | 1,000,000 | 1 | 127 | 807 |
3 | 7,990,866 | 1,998,619 | 1,000,000 | 4 | 112 | 784 |
4 | 8,003,962 | 2,000,647 | 1,000,000 | 4 | 111 | 753 |
5 | 8,000,179 | 2,000,384 | 1,000,000 | 5 | 100 | 662 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,016,256 | 2,003,358 | 1,000,000 | 84 | 1414 | 7098 |
2 | 8,001,267 | 2,003,524 | 1,000,000 | 86 | 1477 | 7042 |
3 | 8,001,351 | 1,999,157 | 1,000,000 | 74 | 1394 | 7159 |
4 | 8,001,483 | 1,997,997 | 1,000,000 | 73 | 1516 | 7055 |
5 | 7,997,064 | 1,997,529 | 1,000,000 | 70 | 1419 | 7308 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,005,466 | 2,000,655 | 1,000,000 | 668 | 9782 | 35,089 |
2 | 7,989,660 | 2,000,098 | 1,000,000 | 735 | 9672 | 35,231 |
3 | 7,999,643 | 1,998,351 | 1,000,000 | 570 | 9816 | 35,163 |
4 | 7,998,862 | 1,996,429 | 1,000,000 | 797 | 9669 | 35,169 |
5 | 8,011,478 | 2,000,240 | 1,000,000 | 643 | 9626 | 35,155 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,016,212 | 2,003,034 | 1,000,000 | 3361 | 37,033 | 103,651 |
2 | 8,000,809 | 1,999,740 | 1,000,000 | 3304 | 37,380 | 104,169 |
3 | 8,007,225 | 2,002,980 | 1,000,000 | 3351 | 36,991 | 103,743 |
4 | 7,989,013 | 1,998,646 | 1,000,000 | 3312 | 36,748 | 103,690 |
5 | 7,990,865 | 1,997,921 | 1,000,000 | 3348 | 37,193 | 104,141 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,015,925 | 2,002,674 | 1,000,000 | 10,312 | 91,261 | 208,430 |
2 | 7,996,733 | 2,000,352 | 1,000,000 | 10,123 | 90,897 | 209,014 |
3 | 8,004,606 | 1,998,289 | 1,000,000 | 10,334 | 90,849 | 209,203 |
4 | 7,993,835 | 2,000,331 | 1,000,000 | 10,156 | 90,849 | 209,182 |
5 | 7,993,240 | 1,997,134 | 1,000,000 | 9995 | 90,761 | 209,349 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,006,435 | 2,000,442 | 1,000,000 | 22341 | 166982 | 329437 |
2 | 8,007,892 | 2,000,203 | 1,000,000 | 22,911 | 167,469 | 329,535 |
3 | 8,014,370 | 2,003,343 | 1,000,000 | 22,922 | 168,464 | 328,232 |
4 | 7,999,943 | 2,001,715 | 1,000,000 | 22,415 | 166,966 | 329,028 |
5 | 7,996,504 | 1,999,651 | 1,000,000 | 22,775 | 167,821 | 329,304 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,018,878 | 2,003,590 | 1,000,000 | 40,424 | 261,294 | 443,488 |
2 | 7,989,703 | 1,997,843 | 1,000,000 | 41,342 | 261,824 | 445,539 |
3 | 8,005,807 | 2,002,445 | 1,000,000 | 41,182 | 260,772 | 443,122 |
4 | 7,996,982 | 2,000,633 | 1,000,000 | 41,035 | 260,411 | 444,261 |
5 | 8,009,529 | 2,001,840 | 1,000,000 | 40,820 | 261,568 | 444,342 |
Erl | ||||||
1 | 8,019,782 | 2,003,955 | 1,000,000 | 65,725 | 363,295 | 545,466 |
2 | 8,006,984 | 2,003,003 | 1,000,000 | 65,844 | 363,668 | 547,309 |
3 | 8,008,821 | 2,000,908 | 1,000,000 | 64,933 | 362,008 | 545,762 |
4 | 8,003,306 | 2,001,821 | 1,000,000 | 65,496 | 361,843 | 545,553 |
5 | 8,010,187 | 2,001,188 | 1,000,000 | 65,035 | 363,342 | 546,434 |
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Głąbowski, M.; Sobieraj, M.; Stasiak, M. Analytical Model of the Connection Handoff in 5G Mobile Networks with Call Admission Control Mechanisms. Sensors 2024, 24, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020697
Głąbowski M, Sobieraj M, Stasiak M. Analytical Model of the Connection Handoff in 5G Mobile Networks with Call Admission Control Mechanisms. Sensors. 2024; 24(2):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020697
Chicago/Turabian StyleGłąbowski, Mariusz, Maciej Sobieraj, and Maciej Stasiak. 2024. "Analytical Model of the Connection Handoff in 5G Mobile Networks with Call Admission Control Mechanisms" Sensors 24, no. 2: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020697