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Review

Briarane Diterpenoids Isolated from Gorgonian Corals between 2011 and 2013

by
Jyh-Horng Sheu
1,2,†,
Yung-Husan Chen
3,†,
Yu-Hsin Chen
3,4,
Yin-Di Su
1,3,
Yu-Chia Chang
2,3,
Jui-Hsin Su
3,4,
Ching-Feng Weng
4,
Chia-Hung Lee
4,
Lee-Shing Fang
5,
Wei-Hsien Wang
1,3,
Zhi-Hong Wen
1,2,
Yang-Chang Wu
6,7,8,* and
Ping-Jyun Sung
3,4,7,9,*
1
Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
2
Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
3
National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
4
Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
5
Department of Sport, Health, and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
6
School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
7
Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
8
Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
9
Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Mar. Drugs 2014, 12(4), 2164-2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/md12042164
Submission received: 22 January 2014 / Revised: 20 March 2014 / Accepted: 21 March 2014 / Published: 10 April 2014
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The structures, names, bioactivities and references of 138 briarane-type diterpenoids, including 87 new compounds, are summarized in this review. All the briarane-type compounds mentioned in this review article were obtained from gorgonian corals including the genus Briareum, Dichotella, Junceella and Verrucella. Some of these compounds showed potential bioactivities.

1. Introduction

This review describes the structures, names, bioactivities and references for all diterpenoid compounds in tabular form. This study reviewed literature from 2011 to 2013 and describes 138 briarane-type diterpenoids (including 87 new compounds) that possess a bicycle [8.4.0] carbon skeleton, and most possess a γ-lactone moiety in their structure (Scheme 1). As in previous reviews [1,2,3,4], we showed the structures, names, bioactivities and references for these briaranes. All briaranes mentioned in this article were isolated from octocorals belonging to the order Gorgonacea, including Briareum asbestinum, Briareum excavatum, Briareum spp., Dichotella fragilis, Dichotella gemmacea, Junceella fragilis, Junceella juncea and Verrucella umbraculum. This survey of briarane-type compounds is presented taxonomically according to genus and species.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 g001 1024
Scheme 1. The carbon skeleton of briarane-type compounds.
Scheme 1. The carbon skeleton of briarane-type compounds.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 g001

2. Gorgonacea

2.1. Genus Briareum (Family Briareidae)

2.1.1. Briareum asbestinum

Gorgonian corals belonging to the genus Briareum play a main role in producing briarane-type natural products. In further studies on the chemical constituents of Caribbean gorgonian B. asbestinum, the most famous species related to briarane metabolites, collected at Hillsboro Ledge, Boca Raton, Florida, yielded nine briareolate ester metabolites, including five new compounds, briareolate esters J–N (1–5) (Table 1) [5,6], and four known analogues, briareolate esters B–D and G [5,6,7,8]. Briareolate esters are a unique group of briaranes that contain a C-19 methyl ester instead of the γ-lactone ring, and compounds of this type have only been found in B. asbestinum. Briaranes 3 and 4 have been proven to be the first natural products possessing a 10-membered ring with an (E,Z)-dieneone moiety, and they exhibit cytotoxicity towards BG02 and BxPC-3 cells. SAR (structure-activity-relationship) study confirmed the importance of the (E,Z)-dieneone moiety for bioactivity among briaranes 1–4 [5].
Table
Table 1. New briaranes from B. asbestinum.
Table 1. New briaranes from B. asbestinum.
StructureNo.NameBioactivityRef.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i0011Briareolate ester J (R = OC(O)(CH2)4CH3)[5]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i0022Briareolate ester K
(R = OC(O)(CH2)4CH3)		EC50 (BG02) = 40 μM[5]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i0033Briareolate ester L
(R = OH)		EC50 (BG02, BxPC-3) a = 2.4, 9.3 μM[6]
4Briareolate ester M
(R = OC(O)(CH2)4CH3)		EC50 (BG02) = 8.0 μM briarane 4 showed cytostatic effects at 13.0 and 17.0 μM against the BxPC-3 cells[6]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i0045Briareolate ester N (R = OC(O)(CH2)4CH3)[6]
a BG02 (human embryonic stem cell line), BxPC-3 (human pancreatic cancer cell line).

2.1.2. Briareum excavatum

In continuation of the search for new natural products from marine invertebrates collected off the waters of Taiwan at the intersection of the Kuroshio current and the South China Sea surface current, gorgonian B. excavatum, collected at Orchid Island off Taiwan, was examined for its complex and interesting chemical constituents. Eight briarane derivatives, including six new compounds, briacavatolides A–F (6–11) [9,10] (Table 2) and two known metabolites, briaexcavatolide U and briaexcavatin L [9,11,12], were isolated. Briacavatolides C (8) and F (11) were found to show antiviral activity against HCMV using a human embryonic lung (HEL) cell line [9,10]. By comparing the structures of 8 and 10, the 9-acetoxy group was found to be essential for the anti-HCMV activity by SAR study.
Table
Table 2. New briaranes from B. excavatum.
Table 2. New briaranes from B. excavatum.
StructureNo.NameBioactivityRef.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i0056Briacavatolide A (R1 = CH3, R2 = OH, R3 = β-OH)-[9]
7Briacavatolide B (R1 = CH2OAc, R2 = OAc, R3 = β-OH)-[9]
8Briacavatolide C (R1 = CH3, R2 = OAc, R3 = α-OC(O)(CH2)2CH3)IC50 (HCMV) = 18 μM a[9]
10Briacavatolide E (R1 = CH3, R2 = OH, R3 = α-OC(O)(CH2)2CH3)-[10]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i0069Briacavatolide D (R = CH2OH)-[10]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i00711Briacavatolide FIC50 (HCMV) = 22 μM[10]
a HCMV (human cytomegalovirus).

2.1.3. Briareum spp.

Brialalepolides A–C (12–14), three new briaranes, were isolated from gorgonian Briareum sp., collected in the Republic of Vanuatu [13] (Table 3). The structure, including the absolute configuration, of 12 was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction using the Hooft method [13]. Briaranes 12–14 exhibited dose-independent cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells over a range of 5–30 μM. Briaranes 13 and 14 reduced the expression of COX-2 in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells [13].
The organic extracts of gorgonian Briareum sp. collected from the coral reef of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, were examined. Ten briarane metabolites, including seven new diepoxybriaranes, briaroxalides A–G (15–21) [14] (Table 3), along with three known analogues, brianthein A [15], violide G [16] and briarlide R [17], were isolated. The absolute configurations of 15–21 were further confirmed by chemical conversion and X-ray diffraction analysis [14].
Three new diterpenoids, briarenolides E–G (22–24) (Table 3), were isolated from gorgonian Briareum sp. collected off the coast of Southern Taiwan [18,19]. Compounds 22 and 23 were the first 2-ketobriarane and 6-hydroperoxybriarane diterpenoids, respectively. Briarane 23 displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the generation of superoxide anions by human neutrophils [19].
Table
Table 3. New briaranes from Briareum spp.
Table 3. New briaranes from Briareum spp.
StructureNo.NameBioactivityRef.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i00812Brialalepolide A (R = OAc)at concentrations of 30, 20 and 15 μM for compounds 12–14, respectively, an approximately 50% decrease in cell viability on Caco-2 cells[13]
13Brialalepolide B (R = OC(O)(CH2)4CH3)[13]
14Brialalepolide C (R = OC(O)(CH2)6CH3)compounds 13 and 14 reduced levels of COX-2 mRNA in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of 10–15 μM a[13]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i00915Briaroxalide A (R1 = R3 = OH, R2 = R4 = OAc)[14]
16Briaroxalide B (R1 = R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = OAc)[14]
17Briaroxalide C (R1 = OH, R2 = R3 = R4 = OAc)[14]
18Briaroxalide D (R1 = R2 = R4 = OH, R3 = OAc)[14]
19Briaroxalide E (R1 = R4 = OH, R2 = R3 = OAc)[14]
20Briaroxalide F (R1 = R2 = R3 = OAc, R4 = OH)[14]
21Briaroxalide G (R1 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R2 = OH)[14]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01022Briarenolide Eshowed inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anion (inhibition rate = 23.7%) and release of elastase (inhibition rate = 28.3%) at 10 μg/mL[18]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01123Briarenolide F (R1 = OOH, R2 = OC(O)(CH2)2CH3)showed inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anion (inhibition rate = 76.7%) (IC50 = 3.8 μg/mL) and release of elastase (inhibition rate = 27.5%) at 10 μg/mL[19]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01224Briarenolide Gshowed inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anion (inhibition rate = 22.0%) and release of elastase (inhibition rate = 13.0%) at 10 μg/mL[19]
a COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2 or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2), Caco-2 (human epithelial colon adenocarcinoma), RAW264.7 (mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage cell line).

2.2. Genus Dichotella (Family Ellisellidae)

2.2.1. Dichotella fragilis

Four known briaranes, juncins P and U [20,21], junceellolide D [22] and junceol A [23], were isolated from gorgonian D. fragilis, collected from Meishan, Sanya sea area in the South China Sea [24]. Juncin P and junceellolide D were found to display antifouling activity against the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, with EC50 values of 0.80 and 0.77 μg/mL, respectively [24]. Juncin U displayed mild antifouling activity against the larval settlement of B. amphitrite at a concentration of 50.0 μg/mL [24].

2.2.2. Dichotella gemmacea

In the past three years, the gorgonian coral D. gemmacea, collected from the South China Sea, has been proven to be a rich source of novel briarane-type metabolites. Thirty-six new briaranes, gemmacolides G (25), I–Y (26–42) and AA–AR (43–60) [25,26,27,28] (Table 4), along with known briaranes, juncins O, R, S, U [20,21], junceellolide C [22], 12-epi-fragilide G [29,30], juncenolides C, D, J [31,32] and praelolide [33,34], were isolated from D. gemmacea by Zhang’s group [25,26,27,28]. By NOESY experiments, the diene system between C-3/4 and C-5/16 in 25–27 was established as a conjugated s-cis diene moiety [29,30]. The absolute configurations of 31–60 were elucidated by TDDFT calculation of their solution ECD spectrum and by biosynthetic consideration [26,27,28].
New briaranes 25–28, 30, 34–40, 42–45, 47, 48, 50–54 and 56–60 exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity against A549 and MG63 cells [25,26,27,28]. Cytotoxicities of known briaranes 12-epi-fragilide G, juncins R, S and U, juncenolides D and J and praelolide towards A549 (IC50 = 47.3, 13.9, 20.2, >43.2, 37.1, >46.7, >50.1 μM) and MG63 cells (IC50 = 54.0, 5.6, 16.5, >43.2, >46.0, >46.7, >50.1 μM) were also reported [25,26,27].
It is interesting to note that gemmacolides J (27), V (39) and Y (42) showed significant activities towards A549 cells as compared with the activities of their analogues and the positive control (doxorubicin, IC50 = 2.8 μM) [25,27]. Gemmacolide Y (42) displayed stronger activity toward MG63 cells than its analogues and the positive control (doxorubicin, IC50 = 3.2 μM) [27]. SAR study of the active components 27, 39 and 42 and their analogues will potentially lead to the discovery of agents of medical benefit.
In antimicrobial tests, briarane 27 exhibited antimicrobial activity against the bacterium Bacillus megaterium [25]. Briaranes 31, 32, 34 and 37–42 exhibited activity against the bacterium Escherichia coli [26,27]. Briaranes 30, 31, 34 and 37–42 displayed antifungal activity against Septoria tritici [25,26,27]. Briaranes 37–42 exhibited activity against the fungus Microbotryum violaceum [27]. Known briaranes juncenolides D and J, juncins R, S and U and praelolide exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity against the bacterium E. coli (Ф = 12.5, 11.0, 14.0, 10.0, 11.0, 18.0 mm) and the fungus S. tritici (Ф = 7.5, 12.0, 7.5, 7.0, 7.5, 15.0 mm) [26,27]. Juncenolide J and praelolide were also found to display antifungal activity against M. violaceum (Ф = 10.0, 11.0 mm) [27].
Furthermore, 15 new briarane derivatives, dichotellides F–S (61–74) and U (75) [35], along with a series of known metabolites, juncenolide D [31], gemmacolide N [26], juncins D, P, Q, Y and ZI [20,21,36], praelolide [33,34], junceellolides C and D [22], (+)-11β,12β-epoxyjunceellolide D [37], dichotellides A–E [38], junceellin A [34,39,40] and gemmacolide X [27,35], were obtained from D. gemmacea, collected from Meishan Island, Hainan province of China, by Liu’s group [35]. The structure, including the absolute configuration, of gemmacolide X was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data analysis [35]. The structure of praelolide shown in this article was duplicated. The structure of dichotellide T was found to be identical as that of gemmacolide X, a briarane previously reported in ref. [27].
In the antifouling activity test, briaranes 63, 64, 66–71 and 75 showed potent antifouling activities at nontoxic concentrations against the larval settlement of barnacle B. amphitrite. Known briarane junceellolide C showed a significant inhibitory effect on larval settlement at a concentration of 5.0 μg/mL (EC50 = 0.2 μg/mL, LC50/EC50 > 500) [35]. Briaranes 64, 69, 71, 75 and junceellolide C have high therapeutic ratios (LC50/EC50), suggesting that these compounds might be useful as environmentally benign antifouling agents [35]. SAR study of the active components 63, 64 and 66–71 and 75 and their analogues has been performed [35].
Table
Table 4. New briaranes from D. gemmacea.
Table 4. New briaranes from D. gemmacea.
StructureNo.NameBioactivityRef.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01325Gemmacolide G (R1 = R2 = OAc)IC50 (A549, MG63) a = 8.4, 38.4 μM[25]
26Gemmacolide I (R1 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = H)IC50 (A549, MG63) = 20.6, 25.0 μM[25]
27Gemmacolide J (R1 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = OAc)IC50 (A549, MG63) ≤1.4, 79.8 μM briarane 27 exhibited antibacterial activity against B. megaterium (Ф = 16.0 mm)[25]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01428Gemmacolide K (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = H, R3 = Cl, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OAc)IC50 (A549, MG63) = 38.2, 45.9 μM[25]
29Gemmacolide L (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = H, R3 = Cl, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OAc)-[25]
30Gemmacolide M (R1 = R4 = OAc, R2 = OCH3, R3 = H, R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)IC50 (A549) = 27.4 μM exhibited antifungal activity against S. tritici (Ф = 15.0 mm)[25]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01531Gemmacolide N (R1 = R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = H, R5 = OCH3)briaranes 31–36 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 (IC50 ≥ 50.5, >44.6, >44.1, 21.6, 27.2, 16.4 μM) and MG63 (IC50 ≥ 50.5, >44.6, >44.1, 20.5, 23.7, 18.8 μM) cells briaranes 31, 32 and 34 exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli (Ф = 12.5, 13.0, 10.0 mm)[26]
32Gemmacolide O (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = Cl)[26]
33Gemmacolide P (R1 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OH)[26]
34Gemmacolide Q (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OH)[26]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01635Gemmacolide R (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R3 = OAc, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OHbriaranes 31, 32 and 34 exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli (Ф = 12.5, 13.0, 10.0, mm) briaranes 31 and 34 exhibited antifungal activity against S. tritici (Ф = 7.5, 7.5 mm) briaranes 43–45, 47, 48, 50–52, 54 and 56–60 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 cells (IC50 = 14.7, 19.4, 17.9, 20.1, 27.4, 5.0, 27.7, 39.9, >37.8, 13.4, 78.5, 10.1, 28.7, 16.8 μM) briaranes 43–45, 47, 48, 50–54 and 56–59 exhibited cytotoxicity toward MG63 cells (IC50 = 28.7, 22.8, 42.7, 41.3, 33.0, 5.0, 37.5, 9.1, 39.0, 37.8, 12.1, 25.8, 17.1, >100 μM)[26]
36Gemmacolide S (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[26]
43Gemmacolide AA (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OCH3)[28]
44Gemmacolide AB (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OCH3)[28]
45Gemmacolide AC (R1 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[28]
46Gemmacolide AD (R1 = R3 = OAc, R2 = R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[28]
47Gemmacolide AE (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R3 = H, R4 = OAc, R5 = OCH3)[28]
48Gemmacolide AF (R1 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R2 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[28]
49Gemmacolide AG (R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[28]
50Gemmacolide AH (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = R4 = OAc)[28]
51Gemmacolide AI (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = OH, R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[28]
52Gemmacolide AJ (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = Cl)[28]
53Gemmacolide AK (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[28]
54Gemmacolide AL (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[28]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01755Gemmacolide AM (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = Cl)briaranes 63, 64, 66–71 and 75 showed antifouling activity against the larval settlement of barnacle B. amphitrite (EC50 = 4.1, 1.82, 6.3, 7.6, 4.6, 1.2, 5.6, 0.70, 2.0 μg/mL)[28]
56Gemmacolide AN (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = Cl)[28]
57Gemmacolide AO (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R3 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R4 = OAc)[28]
58Gemmacolide AP (R1 = OC(O)CH2OH, R2 = R3 = OAc, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = Cl)[28]
59Gemmacolide AQ (R1 = R2 = R3 = OAc, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OH)[28]
60Gemmacolide AR (R1 = R2 = R3 = R5 = OAc, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[28]
61Dichotellide F (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OCH3)[35]
62Dichotellide G (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[35]
63Dichotellide H (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = Cl)[35]
64Dichotellide I (R1 = OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R3 = R4 = OAc, R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
65Dichotellide J (R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = OAc)[35]
66Dichotellide K (R1 = R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
67Dichotellide L (R1 = R2 = R3 = OAc, R4 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
68Dichotellide M (R1 = R4 = OAc, R2 = R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[35]
69Dichotellide N (R1 = R2 = OAc, R3 = H, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = OCH3)[35]
-70Dichotellide O (R1 = R4 = OAc, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = H, R5 = OCH3)-[35]
71Dichotellide P (R1 = R2 = OAc, R3 = H, R4 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
72Dichotellide Q (R1 = OAc, R2 = R4 = OH, R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R5 = Cl)[35]
73Dichotellide R (R1 = OAc, R2 = R4 = OH, R3 = R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
74Dichotellide S (R1 = R3 = OAc, R2 = R4 = OH, R5 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i01875Dichotellide U (R = CH2OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[35]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i019
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i020		37Gemmacolide T (R1 = R4 = OAc, R2 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R3 = H)briaranes 37–42 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 (IC50 = 16.9, 18.0, <1.5, 19.1, >45.7, <0.3 μM) and MG63 (IC50 = 18.0, 15.1, 20.5, 17.4, >45.7, <0.3 μM) cells briaranes 37–42 exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli (Ф = 19.0, 20.0, 20.0, 17.0, 20.0, 34.0 mm) briaranes 37–42 exhibited antifungal activity against M. violaceum (Ф = 14.0, 9.5, 11.0, 13.0, 15.0, 11.0 mm) and S. tritici (Ф = 14.0, 9.5, 13.0, 17.0, 12.0, 13.0 mm)[27]
38Gemmacolide U (R1 = R2 = OAc, R3 = H, R4 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[27]
39Gemmacolide V (R1 = R2 = R4 = OAc, R3 = H)[27]
40Gemmacolide W (R1 = R3 = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2, R2 = R4 = OAc)[27]
41Gemmacolide X (R = OAc) (=Dichotellide T)[27,35]
42Gemmacolide Y (R = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2)[27]
a A549 (human lung epithelial carcinoma), MG63 (human osteosarcoma).

2.3. Genus Junceella (Family Ellisellidae)

2.3.1. Junceella fragilis

Studies of the gorgonian coral J. fragilis, collected off the south-eastern Taiwan coast, have afforded eight new briaranes, frajunolides L–S (76–83) [41,42] (Table 5). The structure of frajunolide P (80) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data analysis [42]. Briaranes 76–81 exhibited inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anions and the release of elastase by human neutrophils [41,42].
Table
Table 5. New briaranes from J. fragilis.
Table 5. New briaranes from J. fragilis.
StructureNo.NameBioactivityRef.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02176Frajunolide L (R1 = R2 = OAc, R3 = CH3)briaranes 76, 80 and 81 showed inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anion (inhibition rate = 18.7%, 32.5%, 28.7%) and the release of elastase (inhibition rate = 16.2%, 35.6%, 34.1%) at 10 μg/mL[41]
80Frajunolide P (R1 = OC(O)C(CH3)3, R2 = H, R3 = C(O)OCH3)[42]
81Frajunolide Q (R1 = OAc, R2 = H, R3 = C(O)OCH3)[42]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02277Frajunolide Mbriaranes 77–79 and 82 showed inhibitory effects on the release of elastase (inhibition rate = 13.1%, 22.3%, 17.2%, 16.0%) at 10 μg/mL[41]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02378Frajunolide N-[41]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02479Frajunolide O-[41]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02582Frajunolide R-[42]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02683Frajunolide S-[42]

2.3.2. Junceella juncea

Murthy et al. [43] isolated a new 8-hydroxybriarane, 84 (Table 6), along with four known analogues, gemmacolides A and B [44] and juncins H and K [45,46], from the gorgonian coral Junceella juncea [43], collected from Tuticorin coast of the Indian Ocean. Briarane 84 showed moderate activities against the fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Penicillium notatum. The known isolates exhibited activities against various bacteria [43]. Furthermore, Shen et al. [47] isolated three new briaranes, juncenolides M–O (85–87), from J. juncea, collected in the waters of Taiwan. Briaranes 85–87 exhibited inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anions and the release of elastase by human neutrophils [47].
Table
Table 6. New briarane metabolites from J. juncea.
Table 6. New briarane metabolites from J. juncea.
StructureNo.NameBioactivityRef.
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02784R = OC(O)CH2CH(CH3)2ashowed moderate activity against the fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Penicillium notatum (inhibition zone = 18, 17, 16 mm)[43]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02885Juncenolide Mbriaranes 85–87 showed inhibitory effects on the release of elastase (inhibition rate = 15.9%, 29.0%, 35.9%) at 10 μg/mL[47]
Marinedrugs 12 02164 i02986Juncenolide N (R1 = OH, R2 = H, R3 = CH3)-[47]
87Juncenolide O (R1 = R2 = OAc, R3 = C(O)OCH3)showed an inhibitory effect on the generation of superoxide anion (inhibition rate = 27.6%) at 10 μg/mL[47]
a This compound was named (1S*,2S*,8S*,9S*,10S*,11R*,12R*,14S*,17R*)-11,20-epoxy-14-(3-methylbutanoyl)-2,9,12,-triacetoxy-8-hydroxybriar-5(16)-en-18,7-olide. Because the stereochemistry of C-7 chiral carbon was not described, the stereochemistry of C-7 was assigned as S*-configuration by the structure of 84 [43].

2.4. Genus Verrucella (Family Ellisellidae)

2.4.1. Verrucella umbraculum

Six known briaranes, robustolide A [48], renillafoulin A [49], erythrolide B [50], (–)-4-deacetyljunceellolide D [37], junceellonoid D [51] and frajunolide A [52], were claimed to have been obtained from gorgonian coral Verrucella umbraculum [53]. However, through detailed analysis, the NMR data of all compounds reported in this study were substantially different to data reported previously [37,48,49,50,51,52]. The authors suggested that the compounds described in this paper should be re-examined.

3. Conclusions

In 1977, the first briarane-type natural product, briarein A, was isolated from the Caribbean gorgonian Briareum asbestinum [54]. To date, approximately 600 briarane-type diterpenoids have been isolated from various marine organisms, particularly soft corals belonging to the order Gorgonacea. Compounds of this type of diterpenoid have been proven to possess various bioactivities. Except for the briaranes from B. asbestinum, all the briaranes reported between 2011 and 2013 were obtained from the gorgonian corals distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, particularly from the South China Sea. Because of the structural complexity of the compounds, it is difficult to establish a stable supply of bioactive briaranes by chemical methods. Due to the potential medicinal applications, coral aquaculture to support bioactive briaranes is becoming very attractive [55,56,57,58,59]. For example, briaranes from Briareum excavatum, collected off the waters of Taiwan, were proven to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity [60], and in order to establish a stable supply of bioactive materials, the coral has been cultured successfully using a flow-through sea water system, in the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Taiwan for the extraction of additional natural products.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Dong Hwa University; the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium; the Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University; and the National Science Council (Grant No. NSC 102-2325-B-291-001 and 101-2320-B-291-001-MY3), Taiwan, awarded to Yang-Chang Wu and Ping-Jyun Sung.

Author Contributions

Jyh-Horng Sheu, Yung-Husan Chen contributed equally in writing the manuscript. Yang-Chang Wu, Ping-Jyun Sung conceived and designed the format of the manuscript. All the authors contributed in critical reading and discussion on the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sheu, J.-H.; Chen, Y.-H.; Chen, Y.-H.; Su, Y.-D.; Chang, Y.-C.; Su, J.-H.; Weng, C.-F.; Lee, C.-H.; Fang, L.-S.; Wang, W.-H.; et al. Briarane Diterpenoids Isolated from Gorgonian Corals between 2011 and 2013. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 2164-2181. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12042164

AMA Style

Sheu J-H, Chen Y-H, Chen Y-H, Su Y-D, Chang Y-C, Su J-H, Weng C-F, Lee C-H, Fang L-S, Wang W-H, et al. Briarane Diterpenoids Isolated from Gorgonian Corals between 2011 and 2013. Marine Drugs. 2014; 12(4):2164-2181. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12042164

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheu, Jyh-Horng, Yung-Husan Chen, Yu-Hsin Chen, Yin-Di Su, Yu-Chia Chang, Jui-Hsin Su, Ching-Feng Weng, Chia-Hung Lee, Lee-Shing Fang, Wei-Hsien Wang, and et al. 2014. "Briarane Diterpenoids Isolated from Gorgonian Corals between 2011 and 2013" Marine Drugs 12, no. 4: 2164-2181. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12042164

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