Community Perceptions of Air Pollution and Related Health Risks in Nairobi Slums
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Context
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedures
2.2. Description of Measures
Perceived air pollution | ||
---|---|---|
Perceived health risks | ||
2.3. Statistical Analysis Approach
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Sample
Viwandani | Korogocho | |
---|---|---|
(n = 1,430) | (n = 3,887) | |
Sex (χ2(1) = 71.6; p-value = 0.000) | ||
Female | 36.1 | 49.1 |
Male | 63.9 | 50.9 |
Respondent’s Age (χ2(3) = 238.9; p-value = 0.000) | ||
35–40 years | 41.9 | 26.3 |
41–50 years | 41.5 | 37.7 |
51–60 years | 13.3 | 21.4 |
60+ years | 3.3 | 14.6 |
Duration of stay (χ2(3) = 595.7; p-value = 0.000) | ||
0–10 years | 41.0 | 17.5 |
11–20 years | 43.3 | 33.9 |
21–30 years | 14.4 | 30.9 |
30+ years | 1.2 | 17.8 |
Marital status (χ2(1) = 119.2; p-value = 0.000) | ||
Married | 85.3 | 70.5 |
Not married | 14.7 | 29.5 |
Education level (χ2(2) = 343.5; p-value = 0.000) | ||
Less than primary | 15.2 | 38.0 |
Primary | 50.8 | 46.2 |
Secondary+ | 34.0 | 15.8 |
Current Occupation (χ2(3) = 662.9; p-value = 0.000) | ||
Business | 29.4 | 43.0 |
Informal | 35.1 | 34.5 |
Formal | 27.0 | 3.9 |
Other | 8.6 | 18.6 |
3.2. Location of Work, Sources of Pollution, Health risks and Information on Air Pollution
Viwandani | Korogocho | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
% | % | p-value | |
Location of respondent’s daily work | |||
Next to a busy road | 72.0 | 68.1 | 0.018 |
Near a place where cooking takes place | 46.9 | 52.8 | 0.001 |
In a dusty place | 70.2 | 68.4 | 0.260 |
In a factory where air is bad | 40.6 | 10.4 | <0.001 |
Not in a fixed place | 56.4 | 38.1 | <0.001 |
At least one of the above | 71.3 | 68.6 | 0.058 |
Perceived sources of air pollution | |||
Outdoor air pollution sources | |||
Dust | 47.5 | 63.0 | <0.001 |
Vehicles | 7.7 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
Industries | 55.5 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
Burning of Trash | 50.5 | 66.6 | <0.001 |
Indoor air pollution sources | |||
Cooking fuels | 13.8 | 22.1 | <0.001 |
Cigarette Smoking | 11.6 | 18.5 | <0.001 |
Other | |||
Smelling of Trenches | 81.1 | 81.8 | 0.568 |
Other sources | 9.5 | 13.1 | <0.001 |
Perceived health risks from air pollution | |||
Cough/Cold | 61.5 | 74.4 | <0.001 |
Difficulty breathing | 39.9 | 46.4 | <0.001 |
Eye problem | 15.2 | 27.7 | <0.001 |
Asthma | 10.2 | 14.7 | <0.001 |
Cancer | 6.4 | 6.5 | 0.904 |
Heart problem | 15.1 | 13.3 | 0.089 |
Headache | 16.5 | 30.1 | <0.001 |
Don’t know | 10.2 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
OTHER health risks | 24.5 | 17.6 | <0.001 |
Sources of information on air pollution | |||
Radio | 32.3 | 39.1 | <0.001 |
TV | 12.5 | 14.6 | 0.059 |
Newspapers | 5.7 | 6.1 | 0.629 |
Barazas (Community meetings) | 5.4 | 18.4 | <0.001 |
Health workers/facilities | 9.7 | 25.1 | <0.001 |
Never heard | 55.0 | 35.1 | <0.001 |
3.3. Factors Related to Community Perceptions on Air Pollution
Air pollution perceived score Mean (SD) | Health risk perceived score Mean (SD) | Annoyance Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Study Site | |||
Viwandani | 46.9 (17.3) | 43.6 (17.4) | 41.7 (18.8) |
Korogocho | 41.4 (15.8) | 44.6 (16.6) | 48.3 (18.2) |
Sex | |||
Female | 42.5 (16.1) | 44.1 (16.9) | 46.8 (18.6) |
Male | 43.2 (16.7) | 44.5 (16.8) | 46.2 (18.7) |
Respondent’s Age | |||
35–40 years | 44.1 (17.0) | 44.8 (16.7) | 46.3 (18.3) |
41–50 years | 43.1 (16.4) | 44.5 (16.9) | 46.6 (18.9) |
51–60 years | 41.8 (16.0) | 44.0 (16.7) | 46.7 (18.7) |
60+ years | 40.7 (15.5) | 43.1 (17.0) | 46.4 (18.3) |
Duration of Stay | |||
0–10 years | 44.3 (16.8) | 44.1 (16.5) | 45.6 (18.9) |
11–20 years | 43.2 (16.8) | 44.4 (17.2) | 46.8 (18.2) |
21–30 years | 42.4 (15.8) | 44.1 (16.5) | 46.4 (18.6) |
30+ years | 40.6 (15.6) | 45.1 (17.0) | 47.5 (19.2) |
Marital status | |||
Married | 42.2 (15.7) | 43.8 (16.4) | 47.3 (18.4) |
Not married | 43.3 (16.5) | 44.7 (16.7) | 46.2 (18.7) |
Education Level | |||
Less than Primary | 40.9 (15.2) | 42.7 (17.2) | 45.5 (19.1) |
Primary | 43.8 (16.7) | 45.5 (16.3) | 47.1 (18.0) |
Secondary+ | 44.4 (16.9) | 45.0 (16.5) | 46.6 (19.2) |
Current Occupation | |||
Business | 42.2 (16.3) | 45.1 (16.4) | 46.8 (18.2) |
Informal | 44.0 (16.6) | 45.4 (16.6) | 47.2 (18.7) |
Formal | 44.2 (16.4) | 41.1 (16.4) | 43.1 (19.2) |
Other | 42.2 (15.9) | 43.0 (17.1) | 46.4 (19.0) |
Total | 42.9 (16.4) | 44.3 (16.8) | 46.5 (18.6) |
Air pollution | Health Risk | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Viwandani | Korogocho | Viwandani | Korogocho | |
Perceived pollution level | 0.44 * | 0.48 * | ||
Duration stay (ref: –10 years) | ||||
11–20 years | −1.16 | 0.63 | 1.32 | −0.47 |
21–30 years | −2.17 | 0.77 | 2.13 | −0.96 |
30+ years | −3.70 | 0.09 | 3.14 | 1.47 |
Age (ref: 35–40 years) | ||||
41–50 years | 0.46 | −0.54 | −0.27 | 0.20 |
51–60 years | 1.11 | −1.37 | 0.28 | −0.11 |
60+ years | 4.43 | −1.46 | 2.21 | 0.20 |
Male | −0.23 | −0.85 | −1.86 | 0.30 |
Married (ref: Not married) | 0.49 | −0.20 | 0.21 | 1.09 * |
Education (ref: No education) | ||||
Primary | 3.80 * | 0.80 | −0.78 | 1.60 * |
Secondary + | 3.44 * | 0.38 | −0.71 | 1.29 |
Occupation (ref: Business) | ||||
Informal | −0.50 | 1.25 * | −0.87 | −0.89 |
Formal | −3.20 * | 4.88 * | −1.26 | −1.87 |
Other/None | 2.42 | 5.12 * | 3.85 * | −1.50 * |
Never heard any information | 2.31 * | −2.19 * | −5.06 * | −1.4 * |
Number of polluted work locations | 9.61 * | 5.40 * | 10.05 * | 0.97 |
Annoyance level | 0.38 * | 0.07 * | 0.07 * | 0.21 * |
3.4. Spatial Variation in Perceptions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Egondi, T.; Kyobutungi, C.; Ng, N.; Muindi, K.; Oti, S.; Vijver, S.V.d.; Ettarh, R.; Rocklöv, J. Community Perceptions of Air Pollution and Related Health Risks in Nairobi Slums. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4851-4868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104851
Egondi T, Kyobutungi C, Ng N, Muindi K, Oti S, Vijver SVd, Ettarh R, Rocklöv J. Community Perceptions of Air Pollution and Related Health Risks in Nairobi Slums. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):4851-4868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104851
Chicago/Turabian StyleEgondi, Thaddaeus, Catherine Kyobutungi, Nawi Ng, Kanyiva Muindi, Samuel Oti, Steven Van de Vijver, Remare Ettarh, and Joacim Rocklöv. 2013. "Community Perceptions of Air Pollution and Related Health Risks in Nairobi Slums" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 4851-4868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104851