The Measurement of Dry Deposition and Surface Runoff to Quantify Urban Road Pollution in Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Collection Method for Dry Deposition Analysis
2.2. Site Description and Collection Methods for the Runoff Water Quality Analysis
Analysis Type | Site | Time | Area (m2) | Road Type | Traffic Volume (ADT) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry deposition | A | 2012/07/11–07/17 | 87.5 | Surface road | 11,667 |
B | 2012/09/30–10/06 | 30 | Bridge road | 37,354 | |
C * | 2012/09/30–10/06 | 30 | Elevated expressway | 42,738 | |
Runoff analysis | D | 2012/04/05 2012/08/17 | 363.6 | Surface road | 82,625 |
E | 2012/12/18 | 1,022.25 | Surface road | 56,335 | |
F * | 2013/02/27 | 685.85 | Elevated expressway | 42,738 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Dry Deposition Mass and Particle Size Analysis
Road | A (n = 5) * | B (n = 7) | C (n = 7) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Loads and size | ||||
Average mass loads (g/m2·day) | ||||
Particle loads (g/m2·day) | 5.14 | 2.01 | 4.78 | |
Average percentages for the particle sizes (%) | ||||
<75 μm | 23.2 | 17.4 | 12.9 | |
75–150 μm | 21.5 | 13.9 | 20.5 | |
150–300 μm | 21.4 | 16.5 | 26.1 | |
300–600 μm | 20.0 | 16.8 | 22.5 | |
600–1,180 μm | 8.5 | 6.9 | 10.6 | |
1,180–2,360 μm | 2.9 | 5.8 | 4.3 | |
2,360–4,750 μm | 2.0 | 11.1 | 2.4 | |
>4,750 μm | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
3.2. Heavy Metal Concentration of Dry Deposition Material
Metal | Pb (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Fe (ppm) | Na (ppm) | Ni (ppm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | |||||||
Road A | 72 | 153 | 845 | 22,000 | 3,507 | N.D * | |
Road B | 74 | 296 | 1,799 | 35,733 | 633 | N.D | |
Road C | 120 | 207 | 1,912 | 47,200 | 366 | 42 | |
Average | 89 | 219 | 1,519 | 34,978 | 1,502 | 14 |
3.3. Road Runoff Quality
Sites | D | E | F | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | 2012/04/05 | 2012/08/17 | 2012/12/18 | 2013/02/27 | |
SS | 73.5 | 801.2 | 148.4 | 416.9 | 360 |
NH3-N | 1.8 | 1.0 | 3.24 | 1.06 | 1.77 |
TP | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
COD | 160 | 200 | 104 | 192 | 164 |
Oil and Grease | - | 10.8 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 5.03 |
Cu | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
Zn | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.72 | 0.40 |
Pb | 0.07 | <0.05 | 0.14 | <0.05 | 0.08 |
Cr | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 |
Hg | <0.0005 | 0.0007 | <0.0005 | 0.0007 | 0.001 |
As | 0.0036 | 0.0006 | <0.0005 | 0.0005 | 0.001 |
Cd | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | 0.002 |
Ni | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | 0.05 | 0.028 |
3.4. Comparison of This Study to International Experiences
Reference | Legret and Pagotto [31] | Huang, C.C. [1] | Kayhanian et al. [24,32] | Kim et al. [33] | Flint and Davis [34] | This study (2012–2013) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Nantes, France | Tainan Taiwan | California, USA | California, USA | Korea | Maryland, USA | Taipei, Taiwan |
ADT | 12,000 | 10,000 | - | - | - | - | 42,738–82,625 |
SS | 77 | 59 | 148.1 | 112.7 | 155 | 420 | 360 |
COD | - | 70 | 123.8 | - | 43 | - | 164 |
NH3-N | - | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.07 | 1.66 | 1 | 1.78 |
TP | - | 2.47 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.56 | 0.35 |
Cu | 0.045 | 0.05 | 0.051 | 0.015 | - | 0.11 | 0.019 |
Zn | 0.356 | 0.06 | 0.203 | 0.069 | - | 1.18 | 0.402 |
Pb | 0.058 | - | 0.080 | 0.008 | - | 0.22 | 0.078 |
Cr | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.020 |
Hg | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.001 |
As | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.001 |
Cd | 0.001 | - | 0.001 | 0.002 | - | 0.035 | 0.002 |
Ni | - | - | - | - | - | 0.028 |
4. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
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Wang, Y.-J.; Chen, C.-F.; Lin, J.-Y. The Measurement of Dry Deposition and Surface Runoff to Quantify Urban Road Pollution in Taipei, Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 5130-5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105130
Wang Y-J, Chen C-F, Lin J-Y. The Measurement of Dry Deposition and Surface Runoff to Quantify Urban Road Pollution in Taipei, Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):5130-5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105130
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yunn-Jinn, Chi-Feng Chen, and Jen-Yang Lin. 2013. "The Measurement of Dry Deposition and Surface Runoff to Quantify Urban Road Pollution in Taipei, Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 5130-5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105130