Relationship between Retinal Vascular Caliber and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
With NAFLD N = 29 | Controls N = 22 | p value NAFLD vs. Controls | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53 ± 7 | 51 ± 10 | 0.3 |
Sex (male), n, % | 86 | 85 | 0.08 |
BMI | 30 ± 3 | 30 ± 4 | 0.08 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 107 ± 8 | 103 ± 11 | 0.03 |
AST (IU/L) | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 6 | 0.05 |
ALT (IU/L) | 36 ± 18 | 25 ± 10 | 0.005 |
Alk-Phos (IU/L) | 74 ± 20 | 76 ± 18 | 0.3 |
GGT (IU/L) | 37 ± 16 | 32 ± 18 | 0.05 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 209 ± 88 | 148 ± 70 | 0.005 |
LDL cholesterol mg/dL) | 117 ± 36 | 113 ± 33 | 0.3 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43 ± 12 | 46 ± 12 | 0.2 |
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 62 | 31 | 0.008 |
Liver-Spleen Density (HU) | −15.3 ± 8.9 | +6.8 ± 6.7 | 0.001 |
with NAFLD N = 29 | Controls N = 22 | p value NAFLD vs. Controls | |
---|---|---|---|
Coronary artery disease (stenosis > 50%) | 30% | 15% | 0.001 |
Coronary Plaques%Soft Plaques | 70%50% | 30%30% | 0.010.01 |
IMT, mean Right Carotis (mm) | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.8 ± 0.10 | 0.03 |
Left Carotis (mm) | 0.98 ± 0.30 | 0.8 ± 0.10 | 0.27 |
Mean Carotis Plaques% | 60% | 40% | 0.01 |
Retinal artery diameter | 92.4 ± 13.08 | 100.56 ± 7.1 | 0.04 |
Retinal vein diameter | 136.37 ± 14.42 | 141.5 ± 7.05 | 0.2 |
AVR | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 0.71 ± 0.02 | 0.01 |
CRP | 0.41 ± 0.9 | 0.30 ± 0.3 | 0.02 |
MDA(mM) | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.09 |
Paroxonase (mM/min) | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 0.4 |
HOMA | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 0.001 |
OR * | ±95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Fatty Liver (L-S density < −10 HU) | 2.5 | 1–4.0 | 0.001 |
IMT (>0.80 mm) | 2.3 | 0.9–3 | 0.001 |
Retinal AVR (>0.7) | 1.5 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.01 |
HOMA (>3.0) | 0.8 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.08 |
CRP (>0.5 mg/dL) | 0.7 | 0.5–0.9 | 0.4 |
Metabolic syndrome (present/absent) | 1.2 | 0.9–3.5 | 0.03 |
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Advances in Knowledge
- Carotid atherosclerosis has been documented in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; and more recently, carotid intima-media thickness has been related to the severity of liver damage.
- Retinal arteriolar abnormalities have been recognized as associating with hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
Implications
- Smaller retinal arterial caliber may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with NAFLD and may allow intervention at earlier stage.
- More individuals from the general population with sub clinical coronary artery diseases will be detected at earlier stage when fatty liver and retinal vascular changes are identified.
Summary
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Josef, P.; Ali, I.; Ariel, P.; Alon, M.; Nimer, A. Relationship between Retinal Vascular Caliber and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 3409-3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083409
Josef P, Ali I, Ariel P, Alon M, Nimer A. Relationship between Retinal Vascular Caliber and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(8):3409-3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083409
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosef, Pikkel, Ibrahim Ali, Prober Ariel, Marmor Alon, and Assy Nimer. 2013. "Relationship between Retinal Vascular Caliber and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 8: 3409-3423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083409