Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(5), 5094-5112; doi:10.3390/ijerph110505094
Evaluation of the Impact of Low Emission Zone and Heavy Traffic Ban in Munich (Germany) on the Reduction of PM10 in Ambient Air
1
Statistical Consulting Unit, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Akademiestr. 1, Munich 80799, Germany
2
Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Epidemiology I, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
3
Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Epidemiology II, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
4
Environment Science Center, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1a, Augsburg 86159, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 31 March 2014 / Revised: 5 May 2014 / Accepted: 5 May 2014 / Published: 13 May 2014
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment and Health - Bridging South, North, East and West: Proceedings from the ISEE, ISES and ISIAQ Conference 2013)
Abstract
Concentrations of ambient fine particles (PM10: particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm) are still exceeding current air quality standards in many European cities. In Munich (Germany), low emission zone and transit bans for heavy-duty vehicles were introduced in 2008 aiming at reduction of traffic emissions contribution to PM10. The effects of those measures on PM10 mass concentrations in Munich were investigated with a semiparametric regression model for modeling PM10 levels adjusted for time, background pollution, public holidays and wind direction. The reduction of PM10 concentration after the introduction of the measures was larger at a traffic monitoring site (13.0 %, 19.6 % in summer, and 6.8 % in winter) and smaller in urban background (4.5 %, 5.7 % in summer, and 3.2 % in winter). The effect was most pronounced on Fridays and on the weekends in summer. View Full-TextKeywords:
fine particles; PM10; low emission zone; truck ban; Munich
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Fensterer, V.; Küchenhoff, H.; Maier, V.; Wichmann, H.-E.; Breitner, S.; Peters, A.; Gu, J.; Cyrys, J. Evaluation of the Impact of Low Emission Zone and Heavy Traffic Ban in Munich (Germany) on the Reduction of PM10 in Ambient Air. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 5094-5112.
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