Changes in Eating Behaviours among Czech Children and Adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Survey Design and Sample
2.2. HBSC Questionnaire
2.3. Eating Behaviours
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |
n= | (1918) | (2140) | (2099) | (2050) | (1885) | (2065) | (2127) | (2253) |
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |
Age category § | ||||||||
11 years | 34.3 | 33.6 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 34.2 | 30.7 | 30.5 | 31.6 |
13 years | 32.0 | 33.6 | 33.7 | 33.5 | 31.2 | 34.8 | 33.6 | 34.3 |
15 years | 33.7 | 32.8 | 34.3 | 34.5 | 34.6 | 34.5 | 35.9 | 34.1 |
Gender | 47.3 | 52.7 | 50.6 | 49.4 | 47.7 | 52.3 | 48.6 | 51.4 |
Eating behaviours * | ||||||||
Daily soft drinks | 30.4 | 26.1 | 34.3 | 27.1 | 24.6 | 19.9 | 17.2 | 14.2 |
Daily sweets | 25.5 | 24.9 | 30.1 | 29.9 | 26.5 | 28.2 | 21.0 | 21.5 |
Daily fruit | 37.0 | 49.0 | 33.1 | 45.2 | 37.3 | 47.1 | 33.1 | 41.8 |
Daily vegetables | 23.4 | 31.1 | 23.8 | 31.6 | 26.0 | 37.6 | 24.2 | 31.3 |
Daily breakfast (weekday) | 58.0 | 44.7 | 51.7 | 45.0 | 57.6 | 49.5 | 60.2 | 54.3 |
Daily breakfast (weekend) | 84.9 | 86.1 | 82.8 | 85.2 | 80.7 | 85.1 | 83.1 | 87.2 |
3. Results
3.1. Overall Changes in Eating Behaviours
3.2. Gender and Age Specific Changes in Eating Behaviours
2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2014 vs. 2002 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio to Reach the Variables 1−6 | % a | % a | % a | % a | OR | 95% CI | |
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Daily soft drinks 1 | |||||||
Boys | 30.4 | 34.3 ∧ | 24.6 ♯ | 17.2 | 0.48 *** | 0.41 | 0.55 |
11 years | 27.9 ♯ | 35.0 O | 18.7 | 15.3 | 0.46 *** | 0.35 | 0.61 |
13 years | 29.0 | 34.3 | 26.6 | 18.9 | 057 *** | 0.44 | 0.74 |
15 years | 34.2 ∧ | 33.8 O | 28.5 O | 17.3 | 0.40 *** | 0.31 | 0.52 |
Girls | 26.1 | 27.1 ∧ | 19.9 ♯ | 14.2 | 0.47 *** | 0.40 | 0.54 |
11 years | 22.5 ♯ | 26.4 O | 15.5 | 13.2 | 0.52 *** | 0.39 | 0.69 |
13 years | 29.1 | 31.1 | 23.2 | 15.3 | 0.44 *** | 0.34 | 0.57 |
15 years | 26.8 ∧ | 23.9 O | 20.9 O | 14.0 | 0.44 *** | 0.34 | 0.58 |
Daily sweets 2 | |||||||
Boys | 25.5 | 30.1 | 26.5 | 21.0 | 0.79 ** | 0.67 | 0.90 |
11 years | 20.7 O | 30.7 ♯ | 21.4 | 22.4 | 1.11 | 0.85 | 1.44 |
13 years | 27.4 | 28.3 | 27.9 | 21.8 | 0.74 * | 0.57 | 0.95 |
15 years | 28.3 ♯ | 31.3 | 30.3 | 18.9 | 0.59 *** | 0.46 | 0.76 |
Girls | 24.9 | 29.9 | 28.2 | 21.5 | 0.83 ** | 0.72 | 0.95 |
11 years | 28.4 O | 25.3 ♯ | 21.6 | 18.9 | 0.59 *** | 0.46 | 0.75 |
13 years | 23.0 | 32.6 | 32.8 | 24.0 | 1.06 | 0.83 | 1.34 |
15 years | 23.3 ♯ | 31.8 | 30.1 | 21.5 | 0.91 | 0.71 | 1.16 |
Daily fruit 3 | |||||||
Boys | 37.0 O | 33.1 O | 37.3 O | 33.1 O | 0.82 ** | 0.72 | 0.94 |
11 years | 42.9 O | 37.6 O | 42.2 O | 40.8 O | 0.92 | 0.74 | 1.14 |
13 years | 38.3 O | 36.5 O | 40.0 ♯ | 32.8 O | 0.78 * | 0.63 | 0.98 |
15 years | 29.8 O | 25.3 O | 29.6 O | 25.6 O | 0.81 | 0.64 | 1.02 |
Girls | 49.0 O | 45.2 O | 47.1 O | 41.8 O | 0.74 *** | 0.66 | 0.83 |
11 years | 54.8 O | 48.4 O | 54.7 O | 50.4 O | 0.84 | 0.68 | 1.03 |
13 years | 47.4 O | 46.4 O | 45.9 ♯ | 40.9 O | 0.77 * | 0.63 | 0.94 |
15 years | 44.8 O | 40.8 O | 40.6 O | 34.1 O | 0.64 *** | 0.52 | 0.79 |
Daily vegetables 4 | |||||||
Boys | 23.4 ∧ | 23.8 O | 26.0 O | 24.2 ∧ | 1.03 | 0.89 | 1.19 |
11 years | 28.5 ♯ | 25.9 ∧ | 29.4 O | 28.7 ∧ | 1.01 | 0.79 | 1.29 |
13 years | 22.0 O | 26.1 ∧ | 27.3 ♯ | 23.9 ∧ | 1.11 | 0.86 | 1.44 |
15 years | 19.8 O | 19.3 O | 21.3 O | 20.0 O | 1.02 | 0.78 | 1.32 |
Girls | 31.1 ∧ | 31.6 O | 37.6 O | 31.3 ∧ | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.14 |
11 years | 34.6 ♯ | 33.9 ∧ | 43.1 O | 35.2 ∧ | 1.03 | 0.82 | 1.28 |
13 years | 30.1 O | 32.8 ∧ | 33.5 ♯ | 29.6 ∧ | 0.98 | 0.78 | 1.22 |
15 years | 28.5 O | 28.0 O | 36.2 O | 29.2 O | 1.03 | 0.82 | 1.30 |
Daily breakfast (weekday) 5 | |||||||
Boys | 58.0 O | 51.7 ∧ | 57.6 ∧ | 60.2 ∧ | 1.08 | 0.95 | 1.22 |
11 years | 63.7 O | 55.8 | 68.2 ♯ | 67.8 | 1.20 | 0.96 | 1.52 |
13 years | 54.7 O | 54.2 ♯ | 58.4 O | 60.3 ∧ | 1.26 * | 1.01 | 1.56 |
15 years | 55.5 O | 45.2 | 46.1 | 52.6 O | 0.89 | 0.72 | 1.10 |
Girls | 44.7 O | 45.0 ∧ | 49.5 ∧ | 54.3 ∧ | 1.45 *** | 1.29 | 1.63 |
11 years | 54.7 O | 51.6 | 62.0 ♯ | 66.5 | 1.64 *** | 1.32 | 2.04 |
13 years | 42.8 O | 38.9 ♯ | 45.3 O | 52.9 ∧ | 1.50 *** | 1.22 | 1.85 |
15 years | 36.5 O | 44.4 | 41.3 | 43.6 O | 1.34 ** | 1.09 | 1.66 |
Daily breakfast (weekend) 6 | |||||||
Boys | 84.9 | 82.8 | 80.7 ♯ | 83.1 ♯ | 0.86 | 0.72 | 1.02 |
11 years | 88.3 | 84.7 O | 84.7 ♯ | 85.7 O | 0.79 | 0.57 | 1.10 |
13 years | 84.6 | 84.7 | 83.3 | 83.3 ∧ | 0.90 | 0.67 | 1.22 |
15 years | 81.8 | 79.1 | 74.2 ∧ | 80.2 | 0.90 | 0.69 | 1.18 |
Girls | 86.1 | 85.2 | 85.1 ♯ | 87.2 ♯ | 1.09 | 0.91 | 1.30 |
11 years | 91.1 | 90.7 O | 88.8 ♯ | 92.4 O | 1.19 | 0.81 | 1.74 |
13 years | 86.3 | 82.9 | 86.5 | 88.1 ∧ | 1.18 | 0.87 | 1.61 |
15 years | 80.8 | 81.9 | 80.1 ∧ | 81.2 | 1.03 | 0.79 | 1.33 |
3.3. Gender and Age Differences
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011; Available online: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/ (accessed on 25 June 2015).
- Marmot, M.; Wilkinson, R.G. Social Determinants of Health, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Zaborskis, A.; Lagunaite, R.; Busha, R.; Lubiene, J. Trend in eating habits among Lithuanian school-aged children in context of social inequality: Three cross-sectional surveys 2002, 2006 and 2010. BMC Public Health 2012, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Currie, C.; Morgan, A.; Currie, D.; de Looze, M.; Roberts, C.; Samdal, O.; Smith, O.R.F.; Barnekow, V. Social Determinants of Health and Well-Being among Young People. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study: International Report from the 2009/2010 Survey; WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Fismen, A.S.; Smith, O.R.; Torsheim, T.; Samdal, O. A school based study of time trends in food habits and their relation to socio-economic status among Norwegian adolescents, 2001–2009. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activity 2014, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Affenito, S.G. Breakfast: A missed opportunity. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2007, 107, 565–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bazzano, L.A.; Serdula, M.K.; Liu, S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2003, 5, 492–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vartanian, L.R.; Schwartz, M.B.; Brownell, K.D. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Public Health 2007, 97, 667–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emmett, P.M.; Jones, L.R. Diet, growth, and obesity development throughout childhood in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Nutr. Rev. 2015, 73, 175–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mikkila, V.; Rasanen, L.; Raitakari, O.T.; Pietinen, P.; Viikari, J. Longitudinal changes in diet from childhood into adulthood with respect to risk of cardiovascular diseases: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 58, 1038–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nigg, C.R.; Amato, K. The influence of health behaviors during childhood on adolescent health behaviors, health indicators, and academic outcomes among participants from Hawaii. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2015, 22, 452–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Northstone, K.; Smith, A.D.; Newby, P.K.; Emmett, P.M. Longitudinal comparisons of dietary patterns derived by cluster analysis in 7- to 13-year-old children. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 109, 2050–2058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pearson, N.; Salmon, J.; Campbell, K.; Crawford, D.; Timperio, A. Tracking of children’s body-mass index, television viewing and dietary intake over five-years. Prev. Med. 2011, 53, 268–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, L.; Mander, A.P.; Jones, L.R.; Emmett, P.M.; Jebb, S.A. Energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat dietary pattern is associated with increased fatness in childhood. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 846–854. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Merten, M.J.; Williams, A.L.; Shriver, L.H. Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: Parental presence, community context, and obesity. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2009, 109, 1384–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moore, L.L.; Bradlee, M.L.; Gao, D.; Singer, M.R. Low dairy intake in early childhood predicts excess body fat gain. Obesity 2006, 14, 1010–1018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reilly, J.J.; Kelly, J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: Systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 2011, 35, 891–898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fiorito, L.M.; Marini, M.; Francis, L.A.; Smiciklas-Wright, H.; Birch, L.L. Beverage intake of girls at age 5 y predicts adiposity and weight status in childhood and adolescence. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 935–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laska, M.N.; Murray, D.M.; Lytle, L.A.; Harnack, L.J. Longitudinal associations between key dietary behaviors and weight gain over time: Transitions through the adolescent years. Obesity 2012, 20, 118–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lim, L.; Banwell, C.; Bain, C.; Banks, E.; Seubsman, S.A.; Kelly, M.; Yiengprugsawan, V.; Sleigh, A. Sugar sweetened beverages and weight gain over 4 years in a Thai national cohort—A prospective analysis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Millar, L.; Rowland, B.; Nichols, M.; Swinburn, B.; Bennett, C.; Skouteris, H.; Allender, S. Relationship between raised BMI and sugar sweetened beverage and high fat food consumption among children. Obesity 2014, 22, E96–E103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szajewska, H.; Ruszczynski, M. Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2010, 50, 113–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003; Available online: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/download/en/ (accessed on 25 June 2015).
- McNaughton, S.A.; Ball, K.; Mishra, G.D.; Crawford, D.A. Dietary patterns of adolescents and risk of obesity and hypertension. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 364–370. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Avery, A.; Bostock, L.; McCullough, F. A systematic review investigating interventions that can help reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in children leading to changes in body fatness. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2015, 28, 52–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Currie, C.; Roberts, C.; Morgan, A.; Smith, R.; Settertobulte, W.; Samdal, O.; Barnekow Rasmussen, V. Young People’s Health in Context. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study: International Report From the 2001/2002 Survey; WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Currie, C.; Gabhainn, S.N.; Godeau, E.; Roberts, C.; Smith, R.; Currie, D.; Picket, W.; Richter, M.; Morgan, A.; Barnekow, V. Inequalities in Young People’s Health. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children International Report from the 2005/2006 Survey; WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Yngve, A.; Wolf, A.; Poortvliet, E.; Elmadfa, I.; Brug, J.; Ehrenblad, B.; Franchini, B.; Haraldsdottir, J.; Krolner, R.; Maes, L.; et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in a sample of 11-year-old children in 9 European countries: The pro children cross-sectional survey. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2005, 49, 236–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vereecken, C.; Pedersen, T.P.; Ojala, K.; Krolner, R.; Dzielska, A.; Ahluwalia, N.; Giacchi, M.; Kelly, C. Fruit and vegetable consumption trends among adolescents from 2002 to 2010 in 33 countries. Eur. J. Public Health 2015, 25, 16–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lien, N.; van Stralen, M.M.; Androutsos, O.; Bere, E.; Fernandez-Alvira, J.M.; Jan, N.; Kovacs, E.; van Lippevelde, W.; Manios, Y.; te Velde, S.J.; et al. The school nutrition environment and its association with soft drink intakes in seven countries across Europe—The energy project. Health Place 2014, 30, 28–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alexy, U.; Wicher, M.; Kersting, M. Breakfast trends in children and adolescents: Frequency and quality. Public Health Nutr. 2010, 13, 1795–1802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elinder, L.S.; Heinemans, N.; Zeebari, Z.; Patterson, E. Longitudinal changes in health behaviours and body weight among Swedish school children—Associations with age, gender and parental education—The scip school cohort. BMC Public Health 2014, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levin, K.A.; Kirby, J.; Currie, C.; Inchley, J. Trends in adolescent eating behaviour: A multilevel cross-sectional study of 11–15 year olds in Scotland, 2002–2010. J. Public Health 2012, 34, 523–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stea, T.H.; Overby, N.C.; Klepp, K.I.; Bere, E. Changes in beverage consumption in Norwegian children from 2001 to 2008. Public Health Nutr. 2012, 15, 379–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Slining, M.M.; Mathias, K.C.; Popkin, B.M. Trends in food and beverage sources among us children and adolescents: 1989–2010. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2013, 113, 1683–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fischer, C.; Brug, J.; Tak, N.I.; Yngve, A.; te Velde, S.J. Differences in fruit and vegetable intake and their determinants among 11-year-old schoolchildren between 2003 and 2009. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kerr, M.A.; Rennie, K.L.; McCaffrey, T.A.; Wallace, J.M.; Hannon-Fletcher, M.P.; Livingstone, M.B. Snacking patterns among adolescents: A comparison of type, frequency and portion size between Britain in 1997 and Northern Ireland in 2005. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 122–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eilat-Adar, S.; Koren-Morag, N.; Siman-Tov, M.; Livne, I.; Altmen, H. School-based intervention to promote eating daily and healthy breakfast: A survey and a case-control study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 65, 203–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levin, K.A.; Kirby, J. Irregular breakfast consumption in adolescence and the family environment: Underlying causes by family structure. Appetite 2012, 59, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siega-Riz, A.M.; Popkin, B.M.; Carson, T. Trends in breakfast consumption for children in the United States from 1965–1991. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 67, 748S–756S. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Levin, K.A.; Kirby, J.; Currie, C. Family structure and breakfast consumption of 11–15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 1994–2010: A repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roberts, C.; Freeman, J.; Samdal, O.; Schnohr, C.W.; de Looze, M.E.; Nic Gabhainn, S.; Iannotti, R.; Rasmussen, M. The health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: Methodological developments and current tensions. Int. J. Public Health 2009, 54, 140–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sigmund, E.; Sigmundova, D.; Badura, P.; Kalman, M.; Hamrik, Z.; Pavelka, J. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity, physical activity and screen time among Czech adolescents from 2002 to 2014: A national health behaviour in school-aged children study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 11848–11868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. Available online: www.hbsc.org (accessed on 25 June 2015).
- Inchley, J.; Todd, J.; Bryce, C.; Currie, C. Dietary trends among Scottish schoolchildren in the 1990s. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2001, 14, 207–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Humenikova Shriver, L.; Gates, G. A cross-cultural comparison of dietary intakes and physical activity between American and Czech school-aged children. Public Health Nutr. 2009, 12, 986–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jakubikova, M.; Dofkova, M.; Ruprich, J. Fruit and vegetable intake in the Czech child population. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 1047–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bere, E.; Hilsen, M.; Klepp, K.I. Effect of the nationwide free school fruit scheme in Norway. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104, 589–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bere, E.; Veierod, M.B.; Skare, O.; Klepp, K.I. Free school fruit—Sustained effect three years later. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2007, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hilsen, M.; van Stralen, M.M.; Klepp, K.I.; Bere, E. Changes in 10–12 year old’s fruit and vegetable intake in Norway from 2001 to 2008 in relation to gender and socioeconomic status—A comparison of two cross-sectional groups. Int. J. behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Defeyter, M.A.; Graham, P.L.; Walton, J.; Apicella, T. Breakfast clubs: Availability for British schoolchildren and the nutritional, social and academic benefits. Nutr. Bull. 2010, 35, 245–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedman, B.J.; Hurd-Crixell, S.L. Nutrient intake of children eating school breakfast. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999, 99, 219–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mhurchu, C.N.; Gorton, D.; Turley, M.; Jiang, Y.; Michie, J.; Maddison, R.; Hattie, J. Effects of a free school breakfast programme on children’s attendance, academic achievement and short-term hunger: Results from a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2013, 67, 257–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moore, L.; Moore, G.F.; Tapper, K.; Lynch, R.; Desousa, C.; Hale, J.; Roberts, C.; Murphy, S. Free breakfasts in schools: Design and conduct of a cluster randomised controlled trial of the primary school free breakfast initiative in Wales [ISRCTN18336527]. BMC Public Health 2007, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Evans, C.E.; Christian, M.S.; Cleghorn, C.L.; Greenwood, D.C.; Cade, J.E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to improve daily fruit and vegetable intake in children aged 5 to 12 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96, 889–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministerstvo Školství Mládeže a Tělovýchovy (Ministry of Education). Konsolidovaný Text Školského Zákona a Doprovodný Materiál. Available online: http://www.msmt.cz/dokumenty/konsolidovany-text-skolskeho-zakona (accessed on 10 November 2015). (In Czech)
- Zdravá Strava Do Škol (Healthy Food to School). Available online: http://www.zdravastravadoskol.cz (accessed on 10 November 2015). (In Czech)
- Skutečně Zdravá Škola (Healthy School). Available online: http://www.skutecnezdravaskola.cz (accessed on 10 November 2015). (In Czech)
- Happy Snack—Školní Automat Na Zdravou Svačinku (Happy Snack-Vending Machines for Schools). Available online: http://www.zdravastravadoskol.cz (accessed on 10 November 2015). (In Czech)
- NÚV. Pohyb a Výživa (Physical Activity and Nutrition). Available online: http://pav.rvp.cz (accessed on 25 June 2015). (In Czech)
- SZIF. Ovoce a Zelenina Do Škol (Free Fruit and Vegetable at School). Available online: http://www.ovocedoskol.szif.cz (accessed on 25 June 2015). (In Czech)
- Ransley, J.K.; Greenwood, D.C.; Cade, J.E.; Blenkinsop, S.; Schagen, I.; Teeman, D.; Scott, E.; White, G.; Schagen, S. Does the school fruit and vegetable scheme improve children’s diet? A non-randomised controlled trial. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2007, 61, 699–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vereecken, C.; Maes, L. A Belgian study on the reliability and relative validity of the health behaviour in school-aged children food-frequency questionnaire. Public Health Nutr. 2003, 6, 581–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pedersen, T.P.; Holstein, B.E.; Laursen, B.; Rasmussen, M. Main meal frequency measures in the health behaviour in school-aged children study: Agreement with 7-day 24-h recalls. Int. J. Public Health 2015, 60, 945–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaborskis, A.; Moceviciene, R.; Iannotti, R.J. The influence of chronological period of data collection on differences in reported dietary intake among school-aged children surveyed in 39 countries. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2014, 46, 359–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cuberek, R.; El Ansari, W.; Frömel, K.; Skalik, K.; Sigmund, E. A comparison of two motion sensors for the assessment of free-living physical activity of adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 1558–1576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Voráčová, J.; Sigmund, E.; Sigmundová, D.; Kalman, M. Changes in Eating Behaviours among Czech Children and Adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15888-15899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215028
Voráčová J, Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Kalman M. Changes in Eating Behaviours among Czech Children and Adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15888-15899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215028
Chicago/Turabian StyleVoráčová, Jaroslava, Erik Sigmund, Dagmar Sigmundová, and Michal Kalman. 2015. "Changes in Eating Behaviours among Czech Children and Adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15888-15899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215028