Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity of Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Low Levels of BTEX in Gas Station Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Sites and Sampling
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.4. Oxidative Stress Indicators Determination
2.5. Comet Assay
2.6. MNT in BECs
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Ethical Statements
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Occupational Characteristics, and Smoking and Drinking Habits between Refueling and Office Workers in the Gas Stations
3.2. BTEX Levels of Refueling and Office Area Air Samples
3.3. Oxidative Stress Indicators in Refueling and Office Workers
3.4. MNT and Comet Assay in Refueling and Office Workers
3.5. Multiple Linear Regression for T-SOD, GSH, MDA, 8-OHdG, Micronucleus Rate, TM, and OTM in Refueling and Office Workers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Confounding Factor | Refueling Workers (n = 200) | Office Workers (n = 52) | χ2 (t) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (Mean ± SD) | 33.1 | 7.1 | 34.3 | 6.2 | 1.1 | 0.272 |
Years of exposure (Mean ± SD) | 8.7 | 6.0 | 10.6 | 6.5 | 2.0 | 0.047 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||||
Male | 98 | 49.0 | 23 | 44.2 | 0.376 | 0.540 |
Female | 102 | 51.0 | 29 | 55.8 | ||
Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 57 | 28.5 | 16 | 30.8 | 0.103 | 0.748 |
No | 143 | 71.5 | 36 | 69.2 | ||
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 83 | 41.5 | 20 | 38.5 | 0.158 | 0.691 |
No | 117 | 58.5 | 32 | 61.5 |
Compound | Refueling Area | Office Area | z | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | P25 | P75 | Mean | Median | P25 | P75 | |||
Benzene | 60.03 | 41.89 | 26.54 | 60.36 | 16.86 | 9.59 | 5.42 | 21.75 | −4.868 | <0.001 |
Toluene | 317.76 | 211.41 | 122.50 | 353.93 | 89.93 | 31.58 | 12.61 | 141.32 | −4.392 | <0.001 |
Ethyl-benzene | 40.91 | 21.00 | 14.05 | 53.33 | 12.09 | 3.92 | 1.91 | 16.68 | −3.990 | <0.001 |
m-xylene | 113.85 | 58.44 | 35.85 | 140.56 | 28.44 | 7.11 | 3.64 | 42.87 | −4.081 | <0.001 |
p-xylene | 37.18 | 21.92 | 13.85 | 42.46 | 10.62 | 3.06 | 1.55 | 16.72 | −4.099 | <0.001 |
o-xylene | 57.51 | 29.18 | 18.16 | 76.79 | 15.67 | 4.14 | 2.37 | 23.98 | −4.008 | <0.001 |
Oxidative Stress and Genetoxic Indicators | Refueling Workers (n = 200) | Office Workers (n = 52) |
---|---|---|
Median (P25–P75) | Median (P25–P75) | |
T-SOD (U/mL) | 42.97 (39.04–47.04) | 48.70 (45.49–52.46) |
GSH (mg/L) | 6.91 (5.56–8.61) | 8.85 (6.29–10.99) |
MDA (μmol/L) | 3.02 (2.55–3.70) | 2.42 (2.09–2.77) |
8-OHdG (mg/L) * | 23.23 (15.87–39.21) | 19.79 (13.54–25.58) |
micronucleus rate (‰) | 3.00 (1.00–8.00) | 2.00 (0.25–3.00) |
TM (μm) | 0.094 (0.045–0.215) | 0.064 (0.027–0.113) |
OTM (μm) | 0.160 (0.099–0.285) | 0.104 (0.068–0.153) |
Dependent Variables | Independent Variables * | β (SE) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-SOD | groups | −5.987 (0.972) | −6.159 | <0.001 |
GSH | groups | −2.628 (0.551) | −4.768 | <0.001 |
MDA | groups | 0.778 (0.148) | 5.240 | <0.001 |
8-OHdG | groups | 5.958 (2.606) | 2.286 | 0.025 |
Micronucleus rate | groups | 3.685 (0.683) | 5.476 | <0.001 |
years of exposure | 0.236 (0.021) | 3.892 | <0.001 | |
TM | groups | 0.103 (0.035) | 2.897 | 0.004 |
OTM | groups | 0.110 (0.033) | 3.344 | 0.001 |
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Xiong, F.; Li, Q.; Zhou, B.; Huang, J.; Liang, G.; Zhang, L.; Ma, S.; Qing, L.; Liang, L.; Su, J.; et al. Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity of Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Low Levels of BTEX in Gas Station Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121212
Xiong F, Li Q, Zhou B, Huang J, Liang G, Zhang L, Ma S, Qing L, Liang L, Su J, et al. Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity of Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Low Levels of BTEX in Gas Station Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(12):1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121212
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Feng, Qin Li, Bo Zhou, Jiongli Huang, Guiqiang Liang, Li’e Zhang, Shuyan Ma, Li Qing, Linhan Liang, Jing Su, and et al. 2016. "Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity of Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Low Levels of BTEX in Gas Station Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 12: 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121212