Active Use of Parks in Flanders (Belgium): An Exploratory Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. The Environmental Assessment of Public Recreation Spaces (EAPRS)
2.2.2. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC)
2.2.3. Training of the Researchers
2.3. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Associations of the Park Areas and Temporal Characteristics with the Odds of Observing at Least One Park User
3.3. Association of the Park Areas and Temporal Characteristics with the Number of Park Users
3.4. Association of the Park Areas and Temporal Characteristics with Park Users’ Activity Levels
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Park User Characteristics | Total | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Seniors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Park users | 837 | 173 | 20.7 | 216 | 25.8 | 367 | 43.9 | 81 | 9.7 | |
Male | 491 | 58.7 | 117 | 67.6 | 140 | 64.8 | 187 | 51.0 | 47 | 58.0 |
Female | 346 | 41.3 | 56 | 32.4 | 76 | 35.2 | 180 | 49.1 | 34 | 42.0 |
Caucasian | 693 | 82.8 | 145 | 83.8 | 173 | 80.1 | 303 | 82.6 | 72 | 88.9 |
Non Caucasian | 144 | 17.2 | 28 | 16.2 | 43 | 19.9 | 64 | 17.4 | 9 | 11.1 |
Sedentary | 227 | 27.1 | 35 | 20.2 | 71 | 32.9 | 101 | 27.5 | 20 | 24.7 |
Moderately active | 207 | 24.7 | 55 | 31.8 | 49 | 22.7 | 75 | 20.4 | 28 | 34.6 |
Vigorously active | 403 | 48.2 | 83 | 48.0 | 96 | 44.4 | 191 | 52.0 | 33 | 40.7 |
Descriptive Characteristics | Park 1 | Park 2 |
---|---|---|
Access | ||
Access to the park is free | Yes | Yes |
Neighbourhood immediately surrounding park | Residential | Residential |
Entrances | 3 | 3 |
Bike racks | No | Yes |
Parking lots | Yes | No |
Sidewalks adjacent to park | Yes | Yes |
Roadways trough park | No | No |
Trails & paths | ||
Paved trails present | No | Yes |
Unpaved trails | No | Yes |
Paths | Yes | Yes |
General areas | ||
Open space | Yes | Yes |
Meadows | No | No |
Wooded area | Yes | Yes |
Pond | Yes | Yes |
Water Areas | ||
Stream/creek | No | No |
Swimming pool | No | No |
Fountain | No | No |
Beach area | No | No |
Eating/drinking features | ||
Water fountain | No | No |
Grill/fire pit | No | No |
Picnic area | No | No |
Vending food/drinks | No | No |
Facilities | ||
Restrooms | No | No |
Shelter | No | No |
Entertainment venues | No | No |
Historical features | No | No |
Sitting and resting features (non-trail) | ||
Benches | Yes | No |
Tables | No | Yes |
Seat walls | No | No |
Bleachers | No | No |
Landscaping & General Aesthetics | ||
Flowers | No | No |
Shrubs/bushes | No | No |
Landscaping beds | No | No |
Views of outside park | No | No |
Sculpture of other art | No | No |
Trash cans | Yes | Yes |
Wildlife area | No | No |
Information related features | ||
Rules/regulation signs | No | No |
Maps | Yes | No |
Event postings | Yes | Yes |
Safety related features | ||
Telephone | No | No |
Play structure & other play components | ||
Play structure present | Yes (1) | Yes (2) |
Seating around play structure | Yes | Yes |
Separate play sets for different age groups | No | No |
Surface material | Sand | Sand |
Things to hang from | Yes | No |
Things to slide down | Yes (1) | Yes (1) |
Things to climb on, up, or through | Yes (2) | Yes (1) |
Things to stand or walk on | No | No |
Things to spin | Yes (1) | No |
Swings | Yes (1 baby, 1 chair) | Yes (2 chair) |
Spring toys | Yes (3 animals) | Yes (2 animals) |
Imaginary play structure | No | No |
Independent Variables | Total Number of Park Users | Male Park Users | Female Park Users | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | |
Time of day (ref = morning) | ||||||||||||
lunch | 4.40 *** | 1.94–9.99 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.29 | 7.29 *** | 3.01–17.68 | 0.71 | 0.49–1.02 | 1.38 | 0.63–3.03 | 1.57 * | 1.06–2.33 |
afternoon | 6.82 *** | 2.96–15.62 | 2.09 *** | 1.65–2.66 | 15.46 *** | 6.21–38.48 | 1.53 * | 1.10–2.12 | 3.76 *** | 1.72–8.23 | 2.01 *** | 1.40–2.88 |
evening | 4.46 *** | 1.97–10.09 | 1.40 ** | 1.09–1.81 | 6.01 *** | 2.50–14.42 | 1.14 | 0.81–1.61 | 3.26 ** | 1.49–7.10 | 1.36 | 0.92–1.99 |
Type of park area (ref = grassy area with a playground) | ||||||||||||
trail | 13.09 *** | 4.24–40.41 | 1.79 | 0.90–3.59 | 15.79 *** | 4.38–56.96 | 2.09 * | 1.12–3.92 | 4.53 * | 1.37–14.96 | 1.43 | 0.96–2.11 |
wood | 0.05 *** | 0.02–0.14 | 0.45 *** | 0.31–0.67 | 0.06 *** | 0.02–0.15 | 0.65 * | 0.43–0.97 | 0.02 *** | 0.00–0.12 | 0.55 | 0.18–1.69 |
Day type (ref = week) | ||||||||||||
weekend | 0.38 * | 0.15–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.63–1.45 | 0.72 | 0.26–1.92 | 1.09 | 0.72–1.66 | 0.46 | 0.20–1.06 | 0.75 | 0.53–1.07 |
Independent Variables | Child/Adolescent Park Users | Adult/Senior Park Users | ||||||||||
Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | |||||||||
OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | |||||
Time of day (ref = morning) | ||||||||||||
lunch | 4.86 ** | 1.71–13.79 | 2.05 | 0.96–4.34 | 3.05 ** | 1.35–6.88 | 0.89 | 0.66–1.21 | ||||
afternoon | 17.81 *** | 6.35–49.98 | 4.91 *** | 2.38–10.11 | 4.54 *** | 2.00–10.29 | 1.17 | 0.88–1.54 | ||||
evening | 10.78 *** | 3.86–30.06 | 3.28 ** | 1.56–6.89 | 2.45 * | 1.09–5.50 | 1.09 | 0.82–1.46 | ||||
Type of park area (ref = grassy area with a playground) | ||||||||||||
trail | 4.26 *** | 1.81–10.05 | 1.66 | 0.82–3.34 | 8.15 *** | 2.65–25.00 | 1.51 * | 1.08–2.11 | ||||
wood | 0.09 *** | 0.03–0.23 | 0.67 | 0.43–1.05 | 0.04 *** | 0.01–0.12 | 0.53 * | 0.31–0.92 | ||||
Day type (ref = week) | ||||||||||||
weekend | 1.37 | 0.49–3.83 | 0.82 | 0.48–1.40 | 0.29 ** | 0.13–0.68 | 0.96 | 0.77–1.20 |
Independent Variables | Average PA Level for All Park Users | Average PA Level for Male Park Users | Average PA Level for Female Park Users | Average PA Level for Child/Adolescent Park Users | Average PA Level for Adult/Senior Park Users | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. B | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | |
Time of day (ref = morning) | ||||||||||
lunch | 0.85 | 0.69–1.04 | 1.02 | 0.79–1.30 | 0.76 * | 0.59–0.98 | 0.83 | 0.52–1.33 | 0.80 | 0.64–1.00 |
afternoon | 0.76 ** | 0.62–0.93 | 0.87 | 0.69–1.11 | 0.78 * | 0.61–0.98 | 0.69 | 0.45–1.07 | 0.76 * | 0.62–0.95 |
evening | 0.87 | 0.71–1.07 | 0.86 | 0.67–1.11 | 0.91 | 0.73–1.17 | 0.78 | 0.50–1.21 | 0.83 | 0.66–1.04 |
Type of park area (ref = grassy area with a playground) | ||||||||||
trail | 1.73 *** | 1.45–2.06 | 1.96 *** | 1.67–2.30 | 1.69 *** | 1.37–2.08 | 1.54 ** | 1.19–2.00 | 1.92 *** | 1.58–2.34 |
wood | 1.01 | 0.78–1.32 | 1.01 | 0.80–1.28 | 1.29 | 0.85–1.94 | 0.99 | 0.69–1.43 | 1.05 | 0.79–1.41 |
Day type (ref = week) | ||||||||||
weekend | 1.11 | 0.93–1.33 | 1.21 * | 1.03–1.42 | 0.99 | 0.78–1.25 | 1.20 | 0.98–1.48 | 1.02 | 0.78–1.32 |
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Van Hecke, L.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Clarys, P.; Van Dyck, D.; Veitch, J.; Deforche, B. Active Use of Parks in Flanders (Belgium): An Exploratory Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010035
Van Hecke L, Van Cauwenberg J, Clarys P, Van Dyck D, Veitch J, Deforche B. Active Use of Parks in Flanders (Belgium): An Exploratory Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010035
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Hecke, Linde, Jelle Van Cauwenberg, Peter Clarys, Delfien Van Dyck, Jenny Veitch, and Benedicte Deforche. 2017. "Active Use of Parks in Flanders (Belgium): An Exploratory Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010035
APA StyleVan Hecke, L., Van Cauwenberg, J., Clarys, P., Van Dyck, D., Veitch, J., & Deforche, B. (2017). Active Use of Parks in Flanders (Belgium): An Exploratory Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010035