An Increase in Consuming Adequately Iodized Salt May Not Be Enough to Rectify Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Sufficient Area of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Design and Sample Collection
2.2. Determination of Iodine Concentration and Iodine Status Assessment Criteria
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Stament
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Total Study Population of Pregnant Women
3.2. Median UIC in Pregnant Women
3.3. Distribution of Salt Containing Different Iodine Content
3.4. Distribution of UIC in Pregnant Women Consuming Salt Containing Different Iodine Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
USI | universal salt iodization |
IDD | iodine deficiency disorder |
UIC | urinary iodine concentration |
WHO | World Health Organization |
UNICEF | United Nations Children’s Fund |
ICCIDD | International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders |
SPSS | Statistical Package for the Social Sciences |
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Median UIC (μg/L) | Iodine Intake | Iodine Nutrition Status |
---|---|---|
<150 | Insufficient | Iodine deficiency |
150–249 | Adequate | Optimal |
250–499 | Above requirements | - |
≥500 | Excessive | - |
Variables | Number (%) |
---|---|
Maternal Age | |
≤30 years | 5973 (73.2) |
>31 years | 2186 (26.8) |
Areas | |
Coastal | 4372 (53.6) |
Inland | 3787 (46.4) |
Total | 8159 (100) |
Variables | N | Median UIC, Interquartile Range (µg/L) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age | |||
≤30 years | 6240 | 149.9 (93.3–212.3) | 0.085 |
>31 years | 2270 | 143.9 (92.5–204.3) | |
Salt | |||
Non-iodized salt | 450 | 99.6 (62.22–16.8) | <0.001 |
Adequately iodized salt | 7392 | 151.9 (97.6–215.0) | |
Areas | |||
Coastal | 4075 | 130.1 (79.9–193.9) | <0.001 |
Inland | 4435 | 158.1 (107.1–222.3) |
Variables | Non-Iodized Salt | Adequately Iodized Salt | χ2 Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age | ||||
≤30 years | 5.5 (314) | 94.5 (5312) | 3.006 | 0.083 |
>31 years | 6.5 (136) | 93.5 (1951) | ||
Areas | ||||
Coastal | 10.5(378) | 89.5 (3216) | 279.6 | <0.001 |
Inland | 1.7 (71) | 98.3 (4147) |
Salt | Percentage of UIC Levels, % (N) | Sum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<150 µg/L | 150–249 µg/L | 250–499 µg/L | ≥500 µg/L | ||
Non-iodized salt | 71.6 (322) | 16.7 (75) | 7.5 (34) | 4.2 (19) | 100.0 (450) |
Adequately iodized salt | 49.5 (3662) | 33.8 (2498) | 13.3 (979) | 3.4 (253) | 100.0 (7392) |
All salt | 51.0 (4341) | 32.9 (2803) | 12.8 (1082) | 3.3 (284) | 100.0 (8510) |
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Wang, Z.; Zhu, W.; Mo, Z.; Wang, Y.; Mao, G.; Wang, X.; Lou, X. An Increase in Consuming Adequately Iodized Salt May Not Be Enough to Rectify Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Sufficient Area of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020206
Wang Z, Zhu W, Mo Z, Wang Y, Mao G, Wang X, Lou X. An Increase in Consuming Adequately Iodized Salt May Not Be Enough to Rectify Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Sufficient Area of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(2):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020206
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhifang, Wenming Zhu, Zhe Mo, Yuanyang Wang, Guangming Mao, Xiaofeng Wang, and Xiaoming Lou. 2017. "An Increase in Consuming Adequately Iodized Salt May Not Be Enough to Rectify Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Sufficient Area of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020206
APA StyleWang, Z., Zhu, W., Mo, Z., Wang, Y., Mao, G., Wang, X., & Lou, X. (2017). An Increase in Consuming Adequately Iodized Salt May Not Be Enough to Rectify Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Sufficient Area of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020206