The Prevalence of Hypertension Accompanied by High Homocysteine and its Risk Factors in a Rural Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Smoking Status
2.5. Diet Score
2.6. Physical Activity
2.7. Category of Blood Pressure
2.8. Category of BMI
2.9. Serum Analysis
2.10. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
2.11. Simple Hypertension, HHcy and Hypertension Accompanied by HHcy
2.12. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Control Group 1 | Simple Hypertension Group | Simple HHcy Group | Hypertension Accompanied by HHcy Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 592 | N = 449 | N = 2545 | N = 2943 | ||
Age (year) | 45.8 ± 7.8 | 51.5 ± 8.8 | 51.8 ± 10.0 | 59.0 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Male (%) | 65 (11.0) | 72 (16.0) | 1352 (53.1) | 1501 (51.0) | <0.001 |
Spouse (live, %) | 568 (95.9) | 423 (94.2) | 2373 (93.2) | 2549 (86.6) | <0.001 |
Education (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Primary school or below | 198 (33.4) | 230 (51.2) | 1151 (45.2) | 1662 (56.5) | |
Middle school | 341 (57.6) | 180 (40.1) | 1156 (45.4) | 1030 (35.0) | |
High school or above | 53 (9.0) | 39 (8.7) | 238 (9.4) | 251 (8.5) | |
Family income (%) | <0.001 | ||||
≤5000 (CNY/year) | 46 (7.8) | 67 (14.9) | 381 (15.0) | 678 (23.0) | |
5000–20,000 (CNY/year) | 340 (57.4) | 255 (56.8) | 1414 (55.6) | 1690 (57.4) | |
>20,000 (CNY/year) | 206 (34.8) | 127 (28.3) | 750 (29.5) | 575 (19.5) | |
Race | 0.022 | ||||
Han | 547 (92.4) | 413(92.0) | 2415 (94.9) | 2772 (94.2) | |
Others a | 45 (7.6) | 36 (8.0) | 130 (5.1) | 171 (5.8) | |
Current smoking (%) | 106 (17.9) | 108 (24.1) | 1088 (42.8) | 1135 (38.6) | <0.01 |
Current drinking (%) | 50 (8.4) | 56 (12.5) | 615 (24.2) | 730 (24.8) | <0.01 |
Diet score | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 0.059 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.3 ± 12.0 | 103.2 ± 13.2 | 94.6 ± 14.5 | 90.2 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 123.1 ± 10.4 | 157.2 ± 17.5 | 123.7 ± 10.0 | 161.0 ± 20.9 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.0 ± 7.5 | 87.5 ± 9.9 | 74.6 ± 7.6 | 88.4 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 4.0 | 25.9 ± 3.7 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 25.5 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 80.2 ± 9.4 | 81.8 ± 10.7 | 82.3 ± 8.9 | 83.3 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.58 ± 1.71 | 6.27 ± 2.36 | 5.61 ± 1.27 | 6.10 ± 1.92 | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.85 ± 1.09 | 5.13 ± 1.12 | 4.90 ± 0.95 | 5.28 ± 1.05 | <0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.47 ± 2.19 | 1.85 ± 2.44 | 1.46 ± 1.21 | 1.84 ± 1.59 | <0.001 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.66 ± 0.69 | 2.89 ± 0.81 | 2.67 ± 0.69 | 2.99 ± 0.82 | <0.001 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.47 ± 0.38 | 1.50 ± 0.41 | 1.41 ± 0.37 | 1.44 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
Cr (mmol/L) | 59.77 ± 10.07 | 57.37 ± 11.76 | 72.27 ± 12.64 | 72.30 ± 29.01 | <0.001 |
BuN(mmol/L) | 5.19 ± 2.07 | 5.16 ± 1.42 | 5.68 ± 2.10 | 5.82± 2.08 | <0.001 |
UA(μmol/L) | 242.3 ± 65.3 | 249.9 ± 73.5 | 299.5 ± 84.7 | 306.8 ± 89.5 | <0.001 |
Hcy (μmol/L) | 8.33 ± 1.46 | 8.28 ± 1.55 | 17.83 ± 10.86 | 20.02 ± 14.00 | <0.001 |
Variables | Control Group 1 | Simple Hypertension Group | Simple HHcy Group | Hypertension Accompanied by HHcy Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 592 | N = 449 | N = 2545 | N = 2943 | ||
Current smoking | <0.001 | ||||
Ideal | 486 (82.1) | 334 (74.7) | 1432 (56.3) | 1778 (60.4) | |
Intermediate | 0 (0) | 7 (1.6) | 25 (1.0) | 30 (1.0) | |
Poor | 106 (17.9) | 108 (24.1) | 1088 (42.7) | 1135 (38.6) | |
BMI | <0.001 | ||||
Ideal | 214 (36.1) | 87 (19.4) | 1093 (42.9) | 764 (26.0) | |
Intermediate | 263 (44.4) | 224 (49.9) | 1092 (42.9) | 1385 (47.0) | |
Poor | 115 (19.4) | 138 (30.7) | 360 (14.2) | 794 (27.0) | |
Physical activity | <0.001 | ||||
Ideal | 327 (55.2) | 246 (54.8) | 1496 (58.8) | 1243 (42.2) | |
Intermediate | 109 (18.4) | 96 (21.4) | 504 (19.8) | 569 (19.3) | |
Poor | 156 (26.4) | 107 (23.8) | 545 (21.4) | 1131 (38.4) | |
Diet score | 0.205 | ||||
Ideal | 54 (9.1) | 54 (12.0) | 297 (11.7) | 318 (10.8) | |
Intermediate | 374 (63.2) | 266 (59.2) | 1570 (61.7) | 1762 (59.9) | |
Poor | 164 (27.7) | 129 (28.8) | 678 (26.6) | 863 (29.3) | |
TC | <0.001 | ||||
Ideal | 403 (68.1) | 257 (57.2) | 1650 (64.8) | 1477 (50.2) | |
Intermediate | 136 (23.0) | 128 (28.5) | 655 (25.7) | 961 (32.7) | |
Poor | 53 (8.9) | 64 (14.3) | 240 (9.4) | 505 (17.2) | |
FPG | <0.001 | ||||
Ideal | 419 (70.8) | 210 (46.8) | 1584 (62.2) | 1366 (46.4) | |
Intermediate | 144 (24.3) | 172 (38.3) | 824 (32.4) | 1192 (40.5) | |
Poor | 29 (4.9) | 67 (14.9) | 137 (5.4) | 385 (13.1) |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Men | Women | |
TG (per 1 mmol/L) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) |
LDL(per 1 mmol/L) | 1.60 (1.34, 1.90) | 1.69 (1.43, 1.99) |
BMI | ||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 2.08 (1.71, 2.52) | 1.85 (1.52, 2.25) |
Poor | 3.41 (2.63, 4.41) | 3.12 (2.45, 3.96) |
TC | ||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 1.27 (0.92, 1.77) | 1.79 (1.35, 2.39) |
Poor | 1.88 (1.24, 2.85) | 2.28 (1.57, 3.31) |
FPG | ||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 1.29 (1.09, 1.53) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) |
Poor | 1.96 (1.45, 2.65) | 1.39 (1.06, 1.82) |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
35–45 years | 45–55 years | 55–65 years | >65 years | |
TG (per 1 mmol/L) | 1.14 (1.04, 1.26) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) |
LDL (per 1 mmol/L) | 2.03 (1.56, 2.64) | 1.66 (1.36, 2.02) | 1.84 (1.48, 2.29) | 1.87 (1.39, 2.50) |
BMI | ||||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 1.47 (1.10, 1.97) | 1.71 (1.35, 2.16) | 2.15 (1.68, 2.75) | 1.85 (1.32, 2.60) |
Poor | 2.47 (1.71, 3.55) | 2.31 (1.70, 3.13) | 3.44 (2.50, 4.73) | 3.16 (2.08, 4.80) |
Physical activity | ||||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 0.98 (0.72, 1.34) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.51) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.19) |
Poor | 1.61 (1.20, 2.94) | 1.60 (1.27, 2.02) | 1.42 (1.10, 1.82) | 1.58 (1.13, 2.21) |
Diet score | ||||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 1.61 (1.10, 2.36) | 1.02 (0.74, 1.42) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.08) | 0.81 (0.51, 1.27) |
Poor | 1.97 (1.28, 3.03) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.52) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.50, 1.38) |
TC | ||||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 1.58 (0.99, 2.51) | 1.77 (1.23, 2.56) | 1.56 (1.06, 2.31) | 1.96 (1.14, 3.37) |
Poor | 2.56 (1.43, 4.61) | 2.04 (1.27, 3.27) | 2.28 (1.37, 3.80) | 2.56 (1.28, 5.12) |
FPG | ||||
Ideal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Intermediate | 1.44 (1.12, 1.86) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.70) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) | 1.38 (1.03, 1.86) |
Poor | 1.88 (1.20, 2.94) | 1.97 (1.42, 2.75) | 1.76 (1.22, 2.53) | 1.51 (0.88, 2.58) |
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Chang, Y.; Li, Y.; Guo, X.; Chen, Y.; Dai, D.; Sun, Y. The Prevalence of Hypertension Accompanied by High Homocysteine and its Risk Factors in a Rural Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Northeast China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040376
Chang Y, Li Y, Guo X, Chen Y, Dai D, Sun Y. The Prevalence of Hypertension Accompanied by High Homocysteine and its Risk Factors in a Rural Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(4):376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040376
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Ye, Yuan Li, Xiaofan Guo, Yintao Chen, Dongxue Dai, and Yingxian Sun. 2017. "The Prevalence of Hypertension Accompanied by High Homocysteine and its Risk Factors in a Rural Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Northeast China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4: 376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040376