Evaluation of the Quebec Healthy Enterprise Standard: Effect on Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors and Psychological Distress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. QHES Implementation and Certification Process
2.2. Interventions in the Management Practices Area of the QHES
2.3. Study Design and Population
2.4. Data Collection and Measures
2.4.1. Intervention Exposure in the Management Practices Area of the QHES
2.4.2. Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors
2.4.3. Psychological Distress
2.4.4. Control Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Versions 1 and 2 of the T2 Questionnaire | Response Choices | Dichotomization of Responses |
---|---|---|
Version 1: 7 organizations (n = 2192; 86% of study participants) | ||
Since the implementation of the “Healthy Enterprise” initiative in my workplace, I have noticed changes with regard to (5 items): | No changes implemented | Not exposed = Participant replied “No changes” and “I do not know” for all 5 items |
My workload (number of employees, change of duties, time to do tasks, etc.) | Improved my work situation | |
My autonomy (participation in decisions that concern me, choice of working methods, etc.) | Did not change my work situation | |
The support I receive from my colleagues (sharing of tools and information, meetings, work committees, etc.) | Deteriorated my work situation | Exposed = Participant replied “Improved”, “Did not change” or “Deteriorated” my work situation to at least one item |
The support I receive from my immediate superior (team meetings, individual meetings, etc.) | I do not know | |
Recognition of my work (efforts and achievements are recognized, promotion prospects, etc.) | ||
Version 2: 3 organizations (n = 368; 14% of study participants) | ||
As part of the implementation of the “Healthy Enterprise” initiative in my workplace, I noticed changes in the area of activity (1 item): | None at all | Not exposed = Participant replied “None at all” |
A little | ||
Work organization and management practices (e.g., autonomy, relations with colleagues and superior, consultation, communication, recognition) | Enough | Exposed = Participant replied “Little”, “Enough”, or “Many” |
Many |
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Sociodemographic Characteristics and Lifestyle Habits | All Organizations Combined (n = 2849) | More Exposed Organizations (n = 776) | Less Exposed Organizations (n = 2073) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Gender | ||||||
Women | 1402 | 49.2 | 421 | 54.3 | 981 | 47.3 |
Men | 1447 | 50.8 | 355 | 45.8 | 1092 | 52.7 |
Age (years) | ||||||
<25 | 74 | 2.6 | 13 | 1.7 | 61 | 2.9 |
25–44 | 1336 | 46.9 | 221 | 28.5 | 1115 | 53.8 |
45–54 | 947 | 33.3 | 310 | 40.0 | 637 | 30.7 |
≥55 | 491 | 17.2 | 231 | 29.8 | 260 | 12.5 |
Education (highest level completed) | ||||||
Less than high school | 37 | 1.3 | 9 | 1.2 | 28 | 1.4 |
High school degree | 751 | 26.4 | 375 | 48.5 | 376 | 18.2 |
College degree 2 | 1024 | 36.0 | 251 | 32.5 | 773 | 37.3 |
University degree | 1033 | 36.3 | 138 | 17.9 | 895 | 43.2 |
Frequency of physical activity per week | ||||||
<1 | 425 | 15.0 | 173 | 22.5 | 252 | 12.2 |
1–2 | 596 | 21.0 | 182 | 23.6 | 414 | 20.0 |
3–4 | 1118 | 39.4 | 252 | 32.7 | 866 | 41.8 |
≥5 | 701 | 24.7 | 163 | 21.2 | 538 | 26.0 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1608 | 56.6 | 341 | 44.3 | 1267 | 61.2 |
Ex-smoker | 813 | 28.6 | 274 | 35.6 | 539 | 26.0 |
Occasional smoker | 136 | 4.8 | 37 | 4.8 | 99 | 4.8 |
Regular smoker | 283 | 10.0 | 117 | 15.2 | 166 | 8.0 |
Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/day) | ||||||
≤2 | 293 | 10.3 | 119 | 15.5 | 174 | 8.4 |
3–4 | 1643 | 57.9 | 467 | 61.0 | 1176 | 56.8 |
≥5 | 902 | 31.8 | 180 | 23.5 | 722 | 34.9 |
Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors | Prevalence of High Psychological Distress | Crude | Model 1 2 | Model 2 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposed % | Unexposed % | PR (95% CI 1) | p-Value | PR (95% CI 1) | p-Value | PR (95% CI 1) | p-Value | |
High psychological demands | 38.1 | 24.5 | 1.55 (1.42–1.70) * | <0.0001 | 1.58 (1.46–1.72) * | <0.0001 | 1.57 (1.45–1.70) * | <0.0001 |
Low decision latitude | 32.6 | 23.3 | 1.40 (1.23–1.59) * | <0.0001 | 1.36 (1.20–1.55) * | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.18–1.53) * | <0.0001 |
Job strain | 41.6 | 25.4 | 1.64 (1.48–1.82) * | <0.0001 | 1.62 (1.45–1.81) * | <0.0001 | 1.59 (1.40–1.79) * | <0.0001 |
Low social support at work | 36.3 | 21.3 | 1.70 (1.48–1.96) * | <0.0001 | 1.71 (1.51–1.94) * | <0.0001 | 1.67 (1.48–1.89) * | <0.0001 |
Low rewards | 36.1 | 19.6 | 1.84 (1.57–2.17) * | <0.0001 | 1.82 (1.55–2.14) * | <0.0001 | 1.76 (1.52–2.05) * | <0.0001 |
ERI 1 | 46.3 | 22.7 | 2.04 (1.75–2.39) * | <0.0001 | 2.08 (1.76–2.45) * | <0.0001 | 2.02 (1.72–2.37) * | <0.0001 |
Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors | More Exposed Organizations (n = 5) | Less Exposed Organizations (n = 5) | Net Effect of Interventions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 % | T2 % | PR (95% CI 1) | T1 % | T2 % | PR (95% CI 1) | Ratio of PRs 2 (95% CI 1) | p-Value 3 | |
High psychological demands | 33.1 | 36.0 | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 38.1 | 42.4 | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) * | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) | 0.790 |
Low decision latitude | 68.4 | 67.3 | 0.99 (0.92–1.05) | 53.1 | 55.4 | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) | 0.149 |
Job strain | 20.4 | 20.4 | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | 19.6 | 21.7 | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.325 |
Low social support at work | 60.8 | 52.8 | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) * | 44.1 | 43.1 | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.099 |
Low rewards | 60.1 | 51.5 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) * | 54.2 | 60.1 | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) * | 0.77 (0.66–0.91) * | 0.007 * |
ERI 1 | 28.7 | 26.9 | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) | 31.7 | 37.2 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) * | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) * | 0.048 * |
Psychological Distress | More Exposed Organizations (n = 5) | Less Exposed Organizations (n = 5) | Net Effect of Interventions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 % | T2 % | PR (95% CI 1) | T1 % | T2 % | PR (95% CI 1) | Ratio of PRs 2 (95% CI 1) | p-Value 3 | |
High psychological distress | 32.2 | 26.6 | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) * | 28.6 | 27.3 | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) | 0.86 (0.75–0.998) * | 0.048 * |
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Letellier, M.-C.; Duchaine, C.S.; Aubé, K.; Talbot, D.; Mantha-Bélisle, M.-M.; Sultan-Taïeb, H.; St-Hilaire, F.; Biron, C.; Vézina, M.; Brisson, C. Evaluation of the Quebec Healthy Enterprise Standard: Effect on Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors and Psychological Distress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030426
Letellier M-C, Duchaine CS, Aubé K, Talbot D, Mantha-Bélisle M-M, Sultan-Taïeb H, St-Hilaire F, Biron C, Vézina M, Brisson C. Evaluation of the Quebec Healthy Enterprise Standard: Effect on Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors and Psychological Distress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030426
Chicago/Turabian StyleLetellier, Marie-Claude, Caroline S. Duchaine, Karine Aubé, Denis Talbot, Marie-Michèle Mantha-Bélisle, Hélène Sultan-Taïeb, France St-Hilaire, Caroline Biron, Michel Vézina, and Chantal Brisson. 2018. "Evaluation of the Quebec Healthy Enterprise Standard: Effect on Adverse Psychosocial Work Factors and Psychological Distress" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030426