Association between Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Dyslipidemias among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Northwest China: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population
2.2. Air Pollution and Weather Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DM | Diabetes mellitus |
CVD | Cardiovascular diseases |
TC | Total cholesterol |
TG | Triglycerides |
LDL-C | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
HDL-C | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
FPG | Fasting plasma glucose |
BMI | Body mass index |
GM | Geometric mean |
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Variable | Total | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|
N (n, %) | 3912 (100) | 2751 (70.32) | 1161 (29.68) |
Age (n, %) | |||
<60 years | 1869 (47.78) | 1368 (49.73) | 501 (43.15) |
≥60 years | 2043 (52.22) | 1383 (50.27) | 660 (56.85) |
Education (n, %) | |||
No normal education | 1192 (30.47) | 782 (28.43) | 410 (35.31) |
Primary education | 1225 (31.31) | 834 (30.32) | 391 (33.68) |
Middle school | 866 (22.14) | 610 (22.17) | 256 (22.05) |
High school | 380 (9.71) | 314 (11.41) | 66 (5.68) |
College or higher | 249 (6.37) | 211 (7.67) | 38 (3.24) |
Work type (n, %) | |||
Management and services | 1166 (29.81) | 741 (26.94) | 425 (36.61) |
workers | 2746 (70.19) | 2010 (73.06) | 736 (63.39) |
Married (n, %) | 3387 (86.58) | 2484 (90.29) | 903 (77.78) |
Smoking (n, %) | |||
Never | 1807 (46.19) | 697 (25.34) | 1110 (95.61) |
Current smoker | 1400 (35.79) | 1364 (49.58) | 36 (3.10) |
Former smoker | 705 (18.02) | 690 (25.08) | 15 (1.29) |
Drinking (n, %) | |||
Never | 2800 (71.57) | 1662 (60.41) | 1138 (98.02) |
Current drinker | 701 (17.92) | 682 (24.79) | 19 (1.64) |
Former drinker | 411 (10.51) | 407 (14.79) | 4 (0.34) |
Hypertension (n, %) | 1928 (49.28) | 1320 (47.98) | 608 (52.37) |
BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 25.26 (3.14) | 25.14 (2.94) | 25.54 (3.53) |
Total cholesterol (TC) (mmol/L) (median, 25th, 75th) | 4.80 (4.20, 5.50) | 4.70 (4.10, 5.40) | 5.00 (4.40, 5.80) |
Triglycerides (TG) (mmol/L) (median, 25th, 75th) | 1.90 (1.40, 2.90) | 1.97 (1.40, 3.00) | 1.80 (1.30, 2.60) |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mmol/L) (median, 25th, 75th) | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.37) | 1.29 (1.11, 1.52) |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (mmol/L) (median, 25th, 75th) | 3.03 (2.43, 3.61) | 3.04 (2.49, 3.59) | 3.01 (2.26, 3.65) |
FPG (mmol/L) (median, 25th, 75th) | 8.00 (7.10, 9.80) | 8.00 (7.20, 9.90) | 8.00 (7.10, 9.70) |
Air Pollutants | Models | TC | TG | HDL-C | LDL-C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | ||
SO2 | Model1 a | 1.21 (0.38, 2.04) * | 3.97 (1.58, 6.41) * | 0.13 (−0.70, 0.98) | 8.78 (7.26, 10.33) * |
Model2 b | 1.31 (0.40, 2.12) * | 3.52 (1.07, 6.03) * | 0.59 (−0.31, 1.51) | 7.53 (5.98, 9.09) * | |
PM10 | Model1 a | 0.49 (0.13, 0.85) * | 0.03 (−0.94, 1.01) | 0.31 (0.12, 0.51) * | 0.65 (0.05, 1.26) * |
Model2 b | 0.45 (0.08, 0.82) * | −0.01 (−1.01, 1.00) | 0.29 (0.10, 0.49) * | 0.83 (0.21, 1.45) * | |
NO2 | Model1 a | 1.34 (−0.86, 3.60) | 6.28 (0.08, 12.87) * | −2.91 (−5.46, −0.30) * | 43.63 (36.02, 51.67) * |
Model2 b | 1.16 (−1.06, 3.43) | 5.58 (−0.62, 12.16) | −3.55 (−6.40, −0.61) * | 39.01 (31.43, 47.03) * |
Groups | Air Pollutants | TC | TG | HDL-C | LDL-C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | SO2 | 1.15 (0.19, 2.13) * | 4.39 (1.50, 7.36) * | −0.26 (−1.25, 0.74) | 7.49 (5.81, 9.20) * |
PM10 | 0.59 (0.09, 1.09) * | −0.18 (−1.57, 1.23) | 0.28 (0.00, 0.57) * | 0.47 (−0.33, 1.27) | |
NO2 | 1.90 (−0.86, 4.74) | 5.77 (−2.12, 14.30) | −2.72 (−5.81, 0.46) | 41.40 (32.91, 50.44) * | |
Female | SO2 | 1.79 (0.05, 3.55) * | 2.67 (−1.79, 7.34) | 1.17 (−0.51, 2.87) | 15.34 (11.78, 19.02) * |
PM10 | 0.37 (−0.17, 0.91) | 0.12 (−1.21, 1.46) | 0.34 (0.08, 0.60) * | 0.79 (−0.18, 1.78) | |
NO2 | 0.85 (−2.92, 4.77) | 9.19 (−0.64, 20.01) | −3.67 (−8.19, 1.08) | 49.07 (33.02, 67.06) * | |
Age | |||||
<60 | SO2 | 0.47 (−0.62, 1.58) | 1.53 (−1.83, 5.00) | −0.81 (−1.95, 0.34) | 2.22 (0.34, 4.14)* |
PM10 | 0.14 (−0.45, 0.74) | −0.87 (−2.59, 0.88) | 0.14 (−0.21, 0.49) | 0.56 (−0.41, 1.55) | |
NO2 | 1.26 (−1.71, 4.31) | 1.65 (−6.91, 11.00) | −2.95 (−6.57, 0.81) | 9.02 (1.23, 17.40) * | |
≥60 | SO2 | 1.88 (0.51, 3.26) * | 6.96 (3.24, 10.81) * | 1.69 (0.35, 3.05) * | 20.51 (17.84, 23.24) * |
PM10 | 0.53 (0.03, 1.02) * | 1.04 (−0.22, 2.32) | 0.33 (0.10, 0.56) * | 1.13 (0.25, 2.01) * | |
NO2 | 2.39 (−0.99, 5.89) | 9.31 (0.34, 19.09) * | −0.79 (−4.55, 3.12) | 109.23 (92.57, 127.32) * |
Groups | Air Pollutants | TC | TG | HDL-C | LDL-C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | % Change in GM (95% CI) | ||
warm | SO2 | 1.68 (0.37, 3.00) * | 7.93 (4.04, 11.96) * | 1.88 (0.46, 3.32) * | 24.11 (21.43, 26.85) * |
PM10 | 0.05 (−0.16, 0.26) | 0.54 (−1.00, 2.10) | 0.23 (−0.02, 0.48) | 0.16 (−0.83, 1.15) | |
NO2 | 2.62 (−0.43, 5.76) | 10.45 (1.481, 20.20) * | −2.05 (−5.61, 1.63) | 69.55 (57.91, 82.04) * | |
cold | SO2 | 0.84 (−0.34, 2.03) | 1.58 (−1.70, 4.96) | −0.68 (−1.75, 0.40) | −0.86 (−2.64, 0.95) |
PM10 | 0.31 (0.04, 0.58) * | 0.01 (−1.33, 1.36) | 0.34 (0.04, 0.65) * | 0.92 (0.17, 1.67) * | |
NO2 | 0.47 (−3.08, 4.16) | 2.22 (−6.98, 12.33) | −2.77 (−6.55, 1.17) | 7.86 (−2.42, 19.22) |
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Wang, M.; Zheng, S.; Nie, Y.; Weng, J.; Cheng, N.; Hu, X.; Ren, X.; Pei, H.; Bai, Y. Association between Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Dyslipidemias among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Northwest China: A Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040631
Wang M, Zheng S, Nie Y, Weng J, Cheng N, Hu X, Ren X, Pei H, Bai Y. Association between Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Dyslipidemias among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Northwest China: A Population-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040631
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Minzhen, Shan Zheng, Yonghong Nie, Jun Weng, Ning Cheng, Xiaobin Hu, Xiaowei Ren, Hongbo Pei, and Yana Bai. 2018. "Association between Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Dyslipidemias among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Northwest China: A Population-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040631