Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the Target Products and Ingredients
2.2. Concentration Determination of the Target Ingredients
2.2.1. Chemicals
2.2.2. Equipment
2.2.3. Analysis of Ingredients
2.3. Quality Assurance/Quality Control and Recovery Study
2.4. Toxicity Information and Dose-Response for the Target Ingredients
Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene
2.5. Hazard Identification and Exposure Assessment for Target Ingredients
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Hazardous Ingredients in Deodorizing Products
3.2. Determination of Toxicological Endpoint
3.3. Calculation of Exposure
3.4. Exposure Assessment of the Dermal Route for Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interests
References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005.
- Golden, R.; Gandy, J.; Vollmer, G. A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2005, 35, 435–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levy, C.W.; Roujeinikova, A.; Sedelnikova, S.; Baker, P.J.; Stuitje, A.R.; Slabs, A.R.; Rice, D.W.; Rafferty, J.B. Molecular basis of triclosan activity. Nature 1999, 398, 383–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schettler, T. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. Int. J. Androl. 2006, 29, 134–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stickney, J.A.; Sager, S.L.; Clarkson, J.R.; Smith, L.A.; Loccey, B.J.; Bock, M.J.; Hartung, R.; Olp, S.F. An updated evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of 1,4-dioxane. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2003, 38, 183–195. [Google Scholar]
- Rothe, H.; Fautz, R.; Gerber, E.; Neumann, L.; Rettinger, K.; Schuh, W.; Gronewold, C. Special aspects of cosmetic spray safety evaluations: Principles on inhalation risk assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 2001, 205, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.H.; Yong-Hwa, K.; Jung-Hwan, K. Fetal misuse of humidifier disinfectants in Korea: Importance of screening risk assessment and implications for management of chemicals in consumer products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 2498–2500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rahman, M.M.; Kim, K.-H. Potential hazard of volatile organic compounds contained in household spray products. Atmos. Environ. 2014, 85, 266–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brasch, J.; Geier, J. Patch test results in schoolchildren. Result from the Information Network of Department of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermat. 1997, 36, 286–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clayton, T.H.; Wilkinson, S.M.; Rawcliffe, C.; Pollock, B.; Clark, S.M. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: Should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one U. K. centre. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006, 154, 114–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heine, G.; Schnuch, A.; Uter, W.; Worm, M. Frequency of contact allergy in German children and adolescents patch tested between 1995 and 2002: Result from the Information Network of Department of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermat. 2004, 51, 111–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nielsen, G.D.; Wolkoff, P.; Alarie, Y. Sensory irritation: Risk assessment approaches. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 48, 6–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nørgaard, A.W.; Kudal, J.D.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Koponen, I.K.; Wolkoff, P. Ozoneinitiated VOC and particle emissions from a cleaning agent and an air freshener: Risk assessment of acute airway effects. Environ. Int. 2014, 68, 209–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wolkoff, P.; Schneider, T.; Kildesø, J.; Degerth, R.; Jaroszewski, M.; Schunk, H. Risk in cleaning: Chemical and physical exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 215, 135–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolkoff, P.; Nielsen, G.D. Non-cancer effects of formaldehyde and relevance for setting an indoor air guideline. Environ. Int. 2010, 36, 788–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Engelen, J.; Heinemeyer, G.; Rodriguez, C. Consumer exposure scenarios: Development, challenges and possible solutions. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2007, 17, S26–S33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Witorsch, R.J.; Thomas, J.A. Personal care products and endocrine disruption: A critical review of the literature. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2010, 40, 1–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. In Chapter R.15: Consumer Exposure Estimation; Version 3.0; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Helsinki, Finland, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Korean National Law Information Center (KNLIC). Regulation of Safety and Labeling Standards for Risk-Concerned Products. KME, Official Notice. 2017 (2017-153). Available online: http://www.law.go.kr/admRulSc.do?menuId=1&query=%EC%9C%84%ED%95%B4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A0%A4%EB%AC%BC%ED%92%88#liBgcolor3 (accessed on 30 May 2017).
- JECFA. Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additive and Contaminants in Food; Who Food Additive Series; Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996; pp. 3–86. [Google Scholar]
- Loonery, R.J.; Frampton, M.W.; Byam, J.; Kenaga, C.; Speers, D.M.; Cox, C.; Mast, R.W.; Klykeen, P.C.; Morow, P.E.; Utell, M.J. Acute respiratory exposure of human volunteers to octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) absence of immunological effects. Toxicol. Sci. 1998, 44, 214–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Yuan, T.; Yun, S.H.; Wang, W.; Wu, Q.; Kannan, K. Occurrence of cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor dust from China, and implications for human exposures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6081–6087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Utell, M.J.; Glelein, R.; Yu, C.P.; Kenaga, C.; Torres, A.; Chalupa, D.; Gibb, F.R.; Speers, D.M.; Mast, R.W.; Morow, P.E. Quantitative exposure of humans to an octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) vapor. Toxicol. Sci. 1998, 44, 206–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.-H.; Kim, T.S.; Yoon, H.J.; Jo, A.R.; Lee, D.Y.; Seo, J.K. Health risk assessment of dermal and inhalation exposure to deodorants in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 625, 1369–1379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korean National Law Information Center (KNLIC). Regulation of Concerning the Way of Risk Assessment for Risk-Concerned Products. NIER, Official Notice. 2016 (2016-30). Available online: http://www.law.go.kr/admRulLsInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2100000071414 (accessed on 30 May 2017).
- Elke, F.; Wilhelm, P. Analysis of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in water by means of solid phase extraction combined with GC/MS. Water Res. 2002, 36, 2319–2327. [Google Scholar]
- Tatsiana, D.; Natalie, V.G.; Christian, B.; Jacqueline, W.H.B.; Konrad, H. Concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in European cosmetics and personal care products: Prerequisite for human and environmental exposure assessment. Environ. Int. 2014, 62, 86–94. [Google Scholar]
- Albert, T. Highly sensitive gas chromatographic analysis of ethanol in whole blood, serum, urine, and fecal supernatants by the direct injection method. Clin. Chem. 1997, 43, 1003–1009. [Google Scholar]
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Determination of Carbonyl Compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); Method 8315A (SW-846); Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Washington, DC, USA, 1996.
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. In Chapter R.8: Characterization of Dose [Concentration]-Response for Human Health; Version 2.1; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Helsinki, Finland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC). Derivation of Assessment Factors for Human Health Risk Assessment; Technical Report 86; European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC): Brussels, Belgium, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization (WHO); Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IPCS). Principles for Modeling Dose-Response for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009; Volume 239. [Google Scholar]
- Benford, D.J. The use of dose-response data in a margin of exposure approach to carcinogenic risk assessment for genotoxic chemicals in food. Mutagenesis 2016, 31, 329–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). The SCCS’s Notes of Guidance for the Testing of Cosmetic Substances and Their Safety Evaluation, 8th Revision; Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). 2012. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_s_006.pdf (accessed on 30 May 2017).
- Jang, J.Y.; Jo, S.N.; Kim, S.; Cheong, H.K. Development of Korean exposure factors handbook. Epidemiology 2008, 19, S214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, D. Review of humidifier lung cases caused by use of humidifier-focusing on probable environmental causal agents. J. Environ. Health Sci. 2013, 39, 105–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vein, N.K.; Menne, T. Systemic contact dermatitis. In Contact Dermatitis, 4th ed.; Frosch, P.J., Menne, T., Lepoittevin, J.-P., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2006; pp. 295–307. [Google Scholar]
- Dimitroulopoulou, C.; Lucica, E.; Johnson, A.; Ashmore, M.R.; Sakellaris, I.; Stranger, M.; Goelen, E. EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 536, 880–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dimitroulopoulou, C.; Trantallidi, M.; Carrer, P.; Efthimiou, G.C.; Bartzis, J.G. EPHECT II: Exposure assessment to household consumer products. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 536, 890–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Number of Brand Name Products in Each Product Code, Cosmetic Product Formulation Data; Division of Cosmetics Technology: Washington, DC, USA, 1981; pp. 33–34.
- International Life Science Institute (ILSI). Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT); Antioxidant Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 1984. [Google Scholar]
Sample ID | Product Usage | Application Type | No. of Products |
---|---|---|---|
D-S-I-1~7 | For indoor air & vehicle interior | Spray (aerosol and trigger spray) | 7 |
D-S-A-1~11 | For fabric and shoes | 11 | |
D-S-C-1~7 | For air conditioner | 7 | |
D-S-W-1~2 | For food waste | 2 | |
D-S-S-1~4 | For sick house syndrome | 4 | |
D-L-I-1~5 | For indoor air & vehicle interior | Liquid | 5 |
D-L-A-1~6 | For fabric and shoes | 6 | |
D-L-T-1~2 | For toilet and car air conditioner | 2 | |
D-F-I-1~3 | For indoor air & anti-bacteria | Fumigation | 3 |
total | 47 |
Order | Chemicals | Formula | MW (g/mol) | CAS. No. | Pre-Treatment Method | Analysis Instrument |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Butylated hydroxyl toluene(BHT) | C15H24O | 220.35 | 128-37-0 | Sonication | GC-MS |
2 | Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) | C8H24O4Si4 | 296.616 | 556-67-2 | Sonication | GC-MS |
3 | Naphthalene | C10H8 | 128.1705 | 91-20-3 | Sonication | GC-MS |
4 | Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) | C10H10O4 | 194.184 | 131-11-3 | Sonication | GC-MS |
5 | Diethyl phthalate (DEP) | C12H14O4 | 222.24 | 84-66-2 | Sonication | GC-MS |
6 | Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) | C16H22O4 | 278.35 | 84-69-5 | Sonication | GC-MS |
7 | Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) | C16H22O4 | 278.35 | 84-74-2 | Sonication | GC-MS |
8 | Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) | C19H20O4 | 312.37 | 85-68-7 | Sonication | GC-MS |
9 | Bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | C24H38O4 | 390.56 | 117-81-7 | Sonication | GC-MS |
10 | Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) | C24H38O4 | 390.56 | 117-84-0 | Sonication | GC-MS |
11 | Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) | C26H42O4 | 418.609 | 68515-48-0 | Sonication | GC-MS |
12 | Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) | C28H46O4 | 446.67 | 68515-49-1 | Sonication | GC-MS |
13 | Isopropyl alcohol(IPA) | C3H8O | 60.1 | 67-63-0 | - | HS-GC-MS |
14 | 1,4-dichlorobenzene | C6H4Cl2 | 146.998 | 106-46-7 | - | HS-GC-MS |
15 | Methanol | CH3OH | 32.04 | 67-56-1 | Sonication | GC-FID |
16 | Benzaldehyde | C7H6O | 106.121 | 100-52-7 | Derivatization | HPLC |
17 | Zinc oxide (analyzed as zinc) | ZnO | 81.408 | 1314-13-2 | Microwave | ICP-OES |
Chemicals | Referenced Value (Chronic NOAEL) | Toxicity Value | Assessment Factors | Target Exposure Route (Target MOE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Butylated hydroxyl toluene | 25 mg/kg/day (oral to dermal) | NOAEL = 25 mg/kg/day (141–144 weeks/rat, Oral) b | Chronic to Chronic:1 | Dermal (sc: 1000, de: 100) |
Zinc oxide | 0.1 mg/m3 (inhalation) | NOAEL = 1.5 mg/m3 (3 months/rat, inhalation) a | Sub-chronic to Chronic:2 Intra-species:10 Inter-species:2.5 | Inhalation (sc: 250, de: 25) |
0.4 mg/kg/day (dermal) | NOAEL = 75 mg/kg/day (28 days/rat, dermal) a | Sub-acute to Chronic:6 LOAEL to NOAEL:3 Intra-species:10 Inter-species:10 | Dermal (sc: 1000, de: 100) | |
Isopropyl alcohol | 119.8 mg/m3 (inhalation) | NOAEL = 1342 mg/m3 (13 weeks/rat, inhalation) a | Sub-chronic to Chronic:2 Intra-species:10 Inter-species:2.5 | Inhalation (sc: 250, de: 25) |
240 mg/kg/day (oral to dermal) | NOAEL = 240 mg/kg/day (28 days/rat, oral) b | Intra-species:10 Inter-species:6 | Dermal (sc: 600, de: 60) | |
Bis(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | 2.1 mg/m3 (inhalation) | NOAEC = 50 mg/m3 a | Sub-acute to Chronic:6 Intra-species:10 Inter-species:2.5 | Inhalation (sc: 250, de: 25) |
28.9 mg/kg/day (oral to dermal) | NOAEL = 28.9 mg/kg/day (104 weeks/rat, oral) a | Chronic to Chronic:1 Intra-species:10 Inter-species:10 | Dermal (sc: 1000, de: 100) | |
Other ingredients have no available toxicological information for inhalation and dermal exposure |
Products | Application Types | Exposure Factors | Median Range | S.D. | Percentile | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5th | 50th | 75th | 95th | |||||
For fabric | Trigger | Frequency of use (use/day) | 0.45 | 0.76 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 2.00 |
Duration of use (min/use) | 1.29 | 1.68 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 1.50 | 5.00 | ||
Duration of spraying (s/use) | 2.61 | 2.26 | 0.57 | 1.71 | 2.85 | 5.70 | ||
Amount used per application (g/s) | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 1.26 | 1.79 | ||
Exposure factors for fabrics are the worst-case factors (products for shoes is applied using factors for fabric) | ||||||||
For indoor air | Trigger | Frequency of use (use/day) | 0.65 | 1.16 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 1.00 | 2.15 |
Duration of use (min/use) | 2.00 | 2.76 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 2.03 | 10.04 | ||
Duration of triggering (s/use) | 2.85 | 2.37 | 0.60 | 1.80 | 3.00 | 7.89 | ||
Amount used per application (g/s) | 0.55 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.60 | 0.77 | 0.95 | ||
Exposure factors for indoor air are the worst-case factors (products for vehicle interior, toilet and others are applied using factors for indoor air) | ||||||||
For air-conditioner | Trigger | Frequency of use (use/year) | 4.61 | 4.99 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 6.00 | 18.60 |
Duration of use (s/use) | 262.90 | 237.25 | 9.35 | 180.0 | 600.0 | 616.15 | ||
Duration of spraying (s/use) | 2.74 | 1.99 | 0.58 | 1.74 | 3.63 | 5.80 | ||
Amount used per application (g/s) | 1.02 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.06 | ||
Liquid diffuser | Amount of emission (g/h) | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.61 |
Exposure | Cal Equ. | Chemicals | Application | Exposed Dose |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inhalation exposure | Ca = Ap·Wf/V Cinh = Ca·Abs·t·n/24 | Butylated hydroxyl toluene | Trigger type | 0.0071 mg/m3 |
Zinc oxide | 0.0301 mg/m3 | |||
Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane | 0.0101 mg/m3 | |||
Isopropyl alcohol | 10.981 mg/m3 | |||
Dibutyl phthalate | 0.0166 mg/m3 | |||
Bis(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate | 0.0099 mg/m3 | |||
Di-n-octyl phthalate | 0.0046 mg/m3 | |||
Dermal exposure | Dder = Ap·Wf·Abs·n/BW | Butylated hydroxyl toluene | Trigger type | 0.0489 mg/kg/day |
Zinc oxide | 0.2062 mg/kg/day | |||
Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane | 0.0692 mg/kg/day | |||
Isopropyl alcohol | 75.097 mg/kg/day | |||
Dibutyl phthalate | 0.1137 mg/kg/day | |||
Bis(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate | 0.0683 mg/kg/day | |||
Di-n-octyl phthalate | 0.0327 mg/kg/day |
Order | Chemicals | Target Ion (m/z) | Linear Equation | R2 | Linear Range | LOQ (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Butylated hydroxyl toluene | 205 | Y = 265423.6X + 8919.231 | 0.9997 | 0.5–10 mg/L | 10 |
2 | Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) | 281 | Y = 395401.1X + 42389.18 | 0.9992 | 0.5–10 mg/L | 10 |
3 | Naphthalene | 128 | Y = 277563.0X − 4787.182 | 0.9996 | 0.5–10 mg/L | 10 |
4 | Dimethyl phthalate | 163 | Y = 97974.98X − 682.1819 | 0.9985 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
5 | Diethyl phthalate | 149 | Y = 103250.4X − 18509.75 | 0.9959 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
6 | Diisobutyl phthalate | 223 | Y = 10741.26X − 2167.55 | 0.9953 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
7 | Dibutyl phthalate | 223 | Y = 9305.55X − 2326.909 | 0.9957 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
8 | Benzyl butyl phthalate | 206 | Y = 16723.72X − 10804.66 | 0.9912 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
9 | Bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate | 279 | Y = 11547.93X − 4729.022 | 0.9938 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
10 | Di-n-octyl phthalate | 279 | Y = 15814.77X − 9021.497 | 0.9931 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
11 | Diisononyl phthalate | 293 | Y = 14183.43X − 198.474 | 0.9975 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
12 | Diisodecyl phthalate | 307 | Y = 17146.42X − 3414.892 | 0.9980 | 0.5–20 mg/L | 10 |
13 | Isopropyl alcohol | 45 | Y = 62567.27X + 28998.92 | 0.9997 | 0.5–10 μg | 10 |
14 | 1,4-dichlorobenzene | 146 | Y = 1446317X − 69461.15 | 0.9984 | 0.1–5 μg | 10 |
15 | Methanol | 31 | Y = 938.3207X − 3526.788 | 0.9979 | 5–100 mg/L | 100 |
16 | Benzaldehyde | - | Y = 0.13X + 0.16 | 0.9996 | 1–50 mg/L | 10 |
17 | Zinc oxide (analyzed as zinc) | - | Y = 3947829X + 5117.1 | 0.9999 | 0.05–10 mg/L | 100 |
Order | Chemicals | No. of Products (Detection Rate, %) | Concentration Range(mg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Min | Sample ID | Max Conc. | |||
1 | Butylated hydroxyl toluene | 30/47 (63.83) | 154.605 | 18.517 | D-S-I-1~7: 7/7 | 91.294 |
D-S-A-1~11: 11/11 | 154.605 | |||||
D-S-C-1~7: 6/7 | 130.069 | |||||
D-S-S-1~4: 2/4 | 55.075 | |||||
D-L-I-1~5: 4/5 | 76.689 | |||||
2 | Zinc oxide | 3/47 (6.38) | 649 | 37 | D-S-W-1~2: 1/2 | 649 |
D-S-S-1~4: 2/4 | 95 | |||||
3 | Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane | 4/47 (8.51) | 218.314 | 11.412 | D-S-I-1~7: 1/7 | 218.314 |
D-S-A-1~11: 1/11 | 35.757 | |||||
D-S-W-1~2: 1/2 | 11.413 | |||||
D-L-I-1~5: 1/5 | 110.920 | |||||
4 | Isopropyl alcohol | 2/47 (4.26) | 236266 | 27 | D-S-A-1~11: 1/11 | 236,266 |
D-S-C-1~7: 2/7 | 27 | |||||
5 | Dibutyl phthalate | 1/47 (2.13) | NA a | NA | D-S-A-1~11: 1/11 | 358.860 |
6 | Bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate | 1/47 (2.13) | NA | NA | D-S-A-1~11: 1/11 | 215.950 |
7 | Di-n-octyl phthalate | 3/47 (6.38) | 100.690 | 24.152 | D-S-I-1~7: 1/7 | 100.690 |
D-S-C-1~7: 2/7 | 52.914 | |||||
Other ingredients were not detected (<Limit of quantitation) |
Chemicals | Exposure Route | Detailed Risk Assessment Equation | RfD (mg/kg/day) | Application Type | Exposure Dose (mg/kg/day) (Max Conc.) | Target MOE (for Fabric/Shoes) | Calculated MOE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screening | Detail | |||||||
Butylated hydroxyl toluene | Dermal | Dder = R·t·Wf·Abs·n/BW R: rate at which product is applied to the skin (mg/min) | 25.0 | Spray and trigger type | 0.04895 (154.605 mg/kg) | 1000 | 100 | 510 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lee, M.; Kim, J.-H.; Lee, D.; Kim, J.; Lim, H.; Seo, J.; Park, Y.-K. Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040744
Lee M, Kim J-H, Lee D, Kim J, Lim H, Seo J, Park Y-K. Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040744
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Minjin, Joo-Hyon Kim, Daeyeop Lee, Jaewoo Kim, Hyunwoo Lim, Jungkwan Seo, and Young-Kwon Park. 2018. "Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040744
APA StyleLee, M., Kim, J. -H., Lee, D., Kim, J., Lim, H., Seo, J., & Park, Y. -K. (2018). Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040744