Environmental Factors Associated with Malocclusion in Children Population from Mining Areas, Western Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Occlusal Clinical Signs (Between the Two Jaws)
- Sagittal plan:
- ○
- The presence of neutral report at 6-year molars revealing Angle Class I; neutral (normal) report was recorded when the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar occluded with the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first permanent molar;
- ○
- The presence of mesial molar occlusion in 6-year molars, for determining Angle Class III; the mesial molar occlusion was recorded when there was deviation of at least one-half cusp width mesially to Class I;
- ○
- The presence of distal molar occlusion in 6-year molars, for determining Angle Class II, was recorded when there was deviation of at least one-half cusp width distally to Class I.
- Transversal plan:
- ○
- The narrowing of the maxillary arch, an indicator for posterior crossbite; posterior crossbite was registered when the buccal cusps of the maxillary premolars and/or molars occluded with the lingual cusps of the opposing mandibular teeth;
- ○
- The narrowing of the mandibular arch, an indicator for scissors bite; scissors bite was registered when any of the maxillary premolars and/or molars totally occluded to the buccal surface of the mandibular antagonists.
- Vertical plan:
- ○
- Vertical inocclusion space, an indicator for posterior open bite.
- Sagittal plan:
- ○
- Positive overjet was recorded if the upper incisors were ahead/in front of the lower incisors;
- ○
- Negative overjet was recorded when the upper incisors were behind the lower incisors.
- Transversal plan:
- ○
- Midline shift was defined as non-coincident upper and lower midlines when the posterior teeth were in contact.
- Vertical plan:
- ○
- Overbite was considered as the vertical overlap of the incisors when the posterior teeth were in contact. An overbite exceeding 1/3 was an indicator for deep bite;
- ○
- Vertical inocclusion space between the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisors and the incisal edge of the corresponding mandibular incisors when the posterior teeth were in contact was an indicator for anterior open bite.
2.2. Space Discrepancies (Inside One Jaw)
- ○
- Crowding was recorded when the total sum of slipped contacts, for the incisor segment, was at least 2 mm;
- ○
- Spacing was recorded when the total spacing was at least 2 mm for the incisor segment.
- Sagittal malocclusions:
- ○
- Angle Class I malocclusion, the occlusion with the following clinical signs: neutral molar report, the anomaly being present at the incisal level;
- ○
- Angle Class II/1 malocclusion, the occlusion with the following clinical signs: distal molar occlusion and positive overjet at the incisal level;
- ○
- Angle Class II/2 malocclusion, the occlusion with the following clinical signs: distal molar occlusion, without overjet at the incisal level;
- ○
- Angle Class III malocclusion, the occlusion with following clinical signs: mesial molar occlusion with or without negative overjet at incisal level.
- Transversal malocclusions: posterior crossbite, scissors bite, midline shift;
- Vertical malocclusions: posterior open bite, anterior open bite, deep bite;
- Space discrepancies: crowding, spacing;
2.3. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
3.1. Batch Distribution
3.2. Prevalence of Malocclusions—Overall Findings
3.3. Distribution of Malocclusion Types by Environmental Factors
4. Discussions
4.1. Overall Findings
4.2. The Distribution of Different Types of Malocclusion According to the Geographical Region
4.3. The Distribution of Different Types of Malocclusion According to Gender
4.4. The Distribution of Different Types of Malocclusion According to Ethnicity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Roşia Montană mining area | Băița-Nucet mining area | 10.1 ± 1.9 | |
Gender | Boys | 391 (46.2%) | 51 (45.1%) | 442 (46%) |
Girls | 456 (53.8%) | 62 (54.9%) | 518 (54%) | |
Ethnicity | Romanian | 726 (85.7%) | 110 (97.3%) | 836 (87.1%) |
Romani | 121 (14.3%) | 3 (2.7%) | 124 (12.9%) | |
Geographical area | RM mining area | 847 (88.2%) | n/a | 847 (88.2%) |
B-N mining area | n/a | 113 (11.8%) | 113 (11.8%) |
Variables | Values | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Total malocclusion | 898 (93.5%) | <0.0001 |
Without malocclusion | 62 (6.5%) | |
Roşia Montană mining area | 798 (94.2%) | 0.03 |
Băița-Nucet mining area | 100 (88.5%) | |
Girls | 421 (95.2%) | 0.04 |
Boys | 477 (92.1%) | |
Romani | 107 (86.3%) | 0.001 |
Romanians | 791 (94.6%) |
Variables | Roşia Montană Mining Area | Băița-Nucet Mining Area | p | Girls | Boys | p | Romani/Minority | Romanians/Majority | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Space Anomalies | ||||||||||
Crowding | 434 (51.2%) | 22 (19.5%) | <0.001 | 220 (49.8%) | 236 (45.6%) | 0.2 | 44 (35.5%) | 412 (49.3%) | 0.006 | |
Spacing | 25 (3.0%) | 9 (8.0%) | 0.1 | 14 (3.2%) | 20 (3.9%) | 0.6 | - | 34 (4.1) | 0.01 | |
Vertical Plan | ||||||||||
Open Bite * | 70 (8.3%) | 6 (5.3%) | 0.4 | 40 (9%) | 36 (6.9%) | 0.007 | 25 (20.2%) | 51 (6.1%) | <0.001 | |
Deep Bite | 244 (28.8%) | 31 (27.4%) | 145 (32.8%) | 130 (25.1%) | 31 (25%) | 244 (29.2%) | ||||
Transversal Plan | ||||||||||
Post. Crossbite | 55 (6.5%) | 9 (8%) | 0.3 | 24 (37.5%) | 40 (62.5%) | 0.004 | 4 (3.2%) | 60 (7.2%) | 0.1 | |
Scissors Bite | 13 (1.5%) | - | 0.1 | 9 (0.2%) | 7 (0.1%) | 0.6 | 2 (0.1%) | 14 (0.1%) | 1 | |
Midline Shift | 394 (46.5%) | 22 (19.5%) | <0.001 | 192 (43.4%) | 224 (43.2%) | 1.000 | 44 (35.5%) | 372 (44.5%) | 0.07 | |
Sagital Plan | ||||||||||
Angle Class | I | 531 (62.7%) | 47 (41.6%) | <0.001 | 243 (55%) | 335 (64.7%) | <0.001 | 78 (62.9%) | 500 (59.8%) | 0.2 |
II/1 | 145 (17.1%) | 60 (53.1%) | 120 (27.1%) | 85 (16.4%) | 31 (25%) | 174 (20.8%) | ||||
II/2 | 123 (14.5%) | 4 (3.5%) | 65 (14.7%) | 62 (12%) | 11 (8.9%) | 116 (13.9%) | ||||
III | 48 (5.7%) | 2 (1.8%) | 14 (3.2%) | 36 (6.9%) | 4 (3.2%) | 46 (5.5%) | ||||
Angle Class ** | I | 531 (62.7%) | 47 (41.6%) | <0.001 | 243 (55%) | 335 (64.7%) | <0.001 | 78 (62.9%) | 500 (59.8%) | 0.5 |
II–III | 316 (37.3%) | 66 (58.4%) | 199 (45%) | 183 (35.3%) | 46 (37.1%) | 336 (40.2%) |
Variables | B | p | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malocclusion | |||||
Băița-Nucet mining area | −0.95 | 0.005 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.74 |
Romanians/majority | 1.19 | <0.001 | 3.31 | 1.80 | 6.11 |
Male gender | −0.64 | 0.02 | 0.52 | 0.30 | 0.90 |
Variables | B | P | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crowding | |||||
N-B mining area | −1.55 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Romanians/majority | 0.71 | <0.001 | 2.03 | 1.36 | 3.03 |
Male gender | −0.24 | 0.07 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 1.02 |
Midline Shift | |||||
N-B mining area | −1.32 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.43 |
Romanians/majority | 0.47 | 0.01 | 1.60 | 1.08 | 2.38 |
Deep Bite | |||||
Romanians/majority | 1.34 | <0.001 | 3.85 | 2.08 | 7.13 |
Male gender | −0.09 | 0.7 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 1.54 |
Angle Class II | |||||
N-B mining area | 0.84 | <0.001 | 2.32 | 1.55 | 3.47 |
Male gender | −0.39 | 0.004 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.88 |
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Share and Cite
Todor, B.I.; Scrobota, I.; Todor, L.; Lucan, A.I.; Vaida, L.L. Environmental Factors Associated with Malocclusion in Children Population from Mining Areas, Western Romania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183383
Todor BI, Scrobota I, Todor L, Lucan AI, Vaida LL. Environmental Factors Associated with Malocclusion in Children Population from Mining Areas, Western Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183383
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodor, Bianca Ioana, Ioana Scrobota, Liana Todor, Alexandra Ioana Lucan, and Luminita Ligia Vaida. 2019. "Environmental Factors Associated with Malocclusion in Children Population from Mining Areas, Western Romania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183383