Improved Cook-stoves and Environmental and Health Outcomes: Lessons from Cross River State, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Sampling Technique and Data Collection
2.3. Impact Pathway
- n is the sample size
- n1 = is the users
- p(xi) is the propensity score estimate evaluated at x.
- is the treatment variable
- = outcome variables
- ATE = is the average effect of the use of the cook-stoves in the population.
- ATT = is the average effect of the use of the cook-stoves on the subpopulation of users.
- ATT0 = is the average effect of the use of the cook-stoves on the subpopulation of non-users. This is important and can be used to gauge the spillover effect of the program. That is to track the potential non-users that adopted or might adopt the cook-stoves in the future.
- X1 = Educational level (number of years spent in school)
- X2 = Spouse alive (dummy variable, yes = 1, no = 0)
- X3 = Age (years)
- X4 = Household size (number of persons)
- X5 = Income (Naira)
- X6 = Access to credit (amount of credit in Naira borrowed by the household)
- X7 = Forest area (total area of forest in hectares owned/controlled by the woman)
- X8 = Accessible road near the household (accessible road = 1; no accessible road = 0)
- X9 = Membership of women association (dummy variable, member = 1, non-member = 0)
- X10 = Major occupation (dummy variable; agriculture = 1; otherwise = 0)
- X11 = Preference for the taste of food prepared with traditional cook-stoves over-improved cook-stoves (dummy variable, yes = 1, no = 0).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Women Socioeconomic and Kitchen Characteristics
3.2. Drivers of the Use of Improved Cook-Stoves
3.3. Inverse Propensity Score Weighting Estimates
4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Users (N = 80) | Non-Users (N = 320) | t-Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
Average | Average | ||
Age (years) | 40.33 | 41.80 | −1.37 ns |
Educational level (years spent in school) | 6.84 | 5.74 | 1.57 ns |
Spouse alive (share of husbands alive) | 0.90 | 0.73 | 3.22 *** |
Women having kitchen enclosed indoors in the living area with a partition (share) | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.34 ns |
Household size (persons) | 9.51 | 7.55 | 4.80 *** |
Annual income (Naira) | 317,500.00 | 188,013.50 | 5.85 *** |
Primary cooks (women share) | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.09 ns |
Women having a separate indoor kitchen outside the living area (share) | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.08 ns |
Women having open-air kitchen outside the living area (share) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 ns |
Variable | Coefficient | z-Value | Marginal Effect | z-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education | −0.005 | −0.26 | −0.0008 | −0.26 |
Spouse alive | 0.704 | 2.60 *** | 0.099 | 3.20 *** |
Age | −0.038 | −2.83 *** | −0.0068 | −2.89 *** |
Household size | 0.121 | 3.99 *** | 0.021 | 3.82 *** |
Income | 2.08 × 10−6 | 4.01 *** | 3.70 × 10−7 | 3.74 *** |
Access to credit | 0.00002 | 5.86 *** | 4.04 × 10−6 | 4.99 *** |
Forest area | −0.973 | −2.32 ** | −0.173 | −2.23 ** |
Accessible road near the household | 0.657 | 3.12 *** | 0.113 | 3.19 *** |
Membership of women association | 1.138 | 5.24 *** | 0.258 | 4.55 *** |
Major occupation | −0.205 | −0.99 | −0.036 | −1.00 |
Preference for the taste of food prepared with traditional cook-stoves over ICS | −0.418 | −1.90 * | −0.070 | −2.01 *** |
Constant | −2.277 | −3.85 *** | ||
LR chi2(11) | 191.12 *** | |||
Number of observations | 400 | |||
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 |
Outcome | Unit | ATE | IPSW ATT | ATT0 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average daily cooking time | Hours | −1.45 (−3.71) *** | −1.03 (−2.30) ** | 6.381 (20.85) *** |
Average daily fuelwood collection time | Hours | -0.75 (−11.23) *** | -0.73 (−9.47) *** | 2.55 (41.04) *** |
Average daily fuelwood consumption | kg/day | −1.28 (−3.87) *** | −1.638 (−22.13) *** | 1.59 (4.80) *** |
Average yearly number of cases of eye discomfort | Number | −0.35 (−0.27) | −0.40 (−0.73) | 7.06 (5.55) *** |
Average yearly number of cases of cough and catarrh | Number | −1.43 (−0.99) | −0.35 (−0.78) | 9.19 (6.39) |
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Onyeneke, R.U.; Nwajiuba, C.A.; Munonye, J.; Uwazie, U.I.; Uwajumogu, N.; Uwadoka, C.O.; Aligbe, J.O. Improved Cook-stoves and Environmental and Health Outcomes: Lessons from Cross River State, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193520
Onyeneke RU, Nwajiuba CA, Munonye J, Uwazie UI, Uwajumogu N, Uwadoka CO, Aligbe JO. Improved Cook-stoves and Environmental and Health Outcomes: Lessons from Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193520
Chicago/Turabian StyleOnyeneke, Robert Ugochukwu, Chinyere Augusta Nwajiuba, Jane Munonye, Uwazie Iyke Uwazie, Nkechinyere Uwajumogu, Christian Obioma Uwadoka, and Jonathan Ogbeni Aligbe. 2019. "Improved Cook-stoves and Environmental and Health Outcomes: Lessons from Cross River State, Nigeria" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193520