Perception of Environmental Risks and Behavioral Changes during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of French Postpartum Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Perception of Environmental Risks and Behavioral Changes at the Workplace
3.3. Perceptions of Environmental Risks in the Non-Occupational Environment
3.4. Behavioral Changes in the Non-Occupational Environment
3.5. Source of Information about the Environment
4. Discussion
4.1. Perceptions of Environmental Risks and Behavioral Changes at Work
4.2. Knowledge and Behavior Concerning Alcohol and Tobacco
4.3. Knowledge and Behavior Concerning the Daily Use of Products
4.4. Source of Information about the Environment
4.5. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 121) | Workers (n = 90) | Unemployed (n = 31) | p-Value * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Age | 0.03 | ||||||
< 25 | 15 | 12.4 | 7 | 7.8 | 8 | 25.8 | |
25–35 | 69 | 57.0 | 52 | 57.8 | 17 | 54.9 | |
> 35 | 37 | 30.6 | 31 | 34.4 | 6 | 19.3 | |
Education level | 0.02 | ||||||
Level 0 to 4 | 52 | 43.0 | 33 | 36.7 | 19 | 61.3 | |
Level 5 to 8 | 69 | 57.0 | 57 | 63.3 | 12 | 38.7 | |
Living with a partner 1 | 111 | 94.1 | 83 | 95.4 | 28 | 90.3 | 1 |
Planned pregnancy 2 | 91 | 75.2 | 70 | 77.8 | 21 | 67.7 | 0.28 |
Primigravid women | 37 | 30.6 | 26 | 28.9 | 11 | 35.5 | 0.49 |
Knowledge of pregnancy 3 | 0.34 | ||||||
0–1 month | 110 | 91.7 | 82 | 92.1 | 28 | 90.3 | |
1–3 months | 9 | 7.5 | 7 | 7.9 | 2 | 6.5 | |
3–4 months | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.2 |
Group of Profession | n (n = 90) | % |
---|---|---|
Technicians and associate professionals | 30 | 33.3 |
Professionals | 21 | 23.3 |
Service and sales workers | 11 | 12.2 |
Managers | 10 | 11.1 |
Clerical support workers | 7 | 7.8 |
Elementary occupations | 6 | 6.7 |
Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers | 2 | 2.2 |
Total 1 | 87 | 96.6 |
Total (n = 90) | Exposed (n = 42) | Unexposed (n = 48) | p-Value * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Pregnancy declaration date to the employer 1 | 0.75 | ||||||
0–3 months | 39 | 46.4 | 19 | 51.4 | 20 | 42.6 | |
3–4 months | 30 | 35.7 | 13 | 35.1 | 17 | 36.2 | |
4–6 months | 13 | 15.5 | 4 | 10.8 | 9 | 19.1 | |
6–9 months | 2 | 2.4 | 1 | 2.7 | 1 | 2.1 | |
Cessation of work 2 | 0.27 | ||||||
0–3 months | 5 | 6.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 4 | 8.7 | |
3–4 months | 6 | 7.1 | 4 | 10.5 | 2 | 4.3 | |
4–6 months | 27 | 32.1 | 15 | 39.5 | 12 | 26.1 | |
6–9 months | 46 | 54.8 | 18 | 47.4 | 28 | 60.9 | |
Behavioral change at the work station by women 2 | 60 | 71.4 | 30 | 78.9 | 30 | 65.2 | 0.17 |
Change made by the employer at the work station 3 | 34 | 40.5 | 13 | 34.2 | 21 | 45.7 | 0.29 |
No change made at the workstation | 17 | 18.9 | 5 | 11.9 | 12 | 25 | 0.11 |
Medical visit with the occupational health physician 4 | 8 | 10.3 | 3 | 9.4 | 5 | 10.9 | 1 |
Total (n = 121) | Level 0 to 4 of Qualification (n = 52) | Level 5 to 8 of Qualification (n = 69) | p-Value * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Period of alcohol consumption dangerous for pregnancy 1 | 0.78 | ||||||
As soon as the period of conception | 28 | 23.7 | 11 | 22.4 | 17 | 24.6 | |
As soon as the beginning of pregnancy | 90 | 76.3 | 38 | 77.6 | 52 | 75.4 | |
Period of tobacco consumption dangerous for pregnancy 2 | 0.23 | ||||||
As soon as the period of conception | 54 | 46.2 | 19 | 39.6 | 35 | 50.7 | |
As soon as the beginning of pregnancy | 63 | 53.8 | 29 | 60.4 | 34 | 49.3 | |
Women who consider there to be no level of alcohol consumption that is safe for pregnancy 1 | 116 | 98.3 | 48 | 98.0 | 68 | 98.6 | 1 |
Women who consider there to be no level of tobacco consumption that is safe for pregnancy 3 | 104 | 90.4 | 42 | 91.3 | 62 | 89.9 | 1 |
First action considered by women to guaranty a healthy pregnancy | |||||||
To reduce or stop alcohol consumption | 51 | 42.1 | 13 | 25.0 | 38 | 55.1 | <0.001 |
To cut down on or stop smoking | 33 | 27.3 | 16 | 30.8 | 17 | 24.6 | 0.45 |
Actions considered by women to guaranty a healthy pregnancy with no notion of ranking | |||||||
To reduce or stop alcohol consumption | 87 | 71.9 | 30 | 57.7 | 57 | 82.6 | 0.002 |
To cut down on or stop smoking | 86 | 71.1 | 32 | 61.5 | 54 | 78.3 | 0.04 |
Total (n = 121) | Level 0 to 4 of Qualification (n = 52) | Level 4 to 8 Qualification (n = 69) | p-Value * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Smoking status before knowledge of pregnancy 1 | 0.003 | ||||||
Non-smoker | 98 | 82.4 | 35 | 70.0 | 63 | 91.3 | |
Smoker | 21 | 17.6 | 15 | 30.0 | 6 | 8.7 | |
Daily consumption of cigarettes among smokers before knowledge of pregnancy | 0.44 | ||||||
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] | 5 | 23.8 | 3 | 20.0 | 2 | 33.3 | |
[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] | 11 | 52.4 | 7 | 46.7 | 4 | 66.7 | |
≥ 20 | 5 | 23.8 | 5 | 33.3 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Behavioral changes during pregnancy among smokers | 0.15 | ||||||
Stopped smoking during pregnancy | 8 | 38.1 | 4 | 26.7 | 4 | 66.7 | |
Cut down on smoking during pregnancy | 13 | 61.9 | 11 | 73.3 | 2 | 33.3 | |
Daily consumption of cigarettes among smokers during pregnancy | 0.58 | ||||||
[1,2,3,4,5] | 4 | 30.8 | 4 | 36.4 | 0 | 0 | |
[5,6,7,8,9,10] | 8 | 61.5 | 6 | 54.5 | 2 | 100 | |
[10,11,12,13,14,15] | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 9.1 | 0 | 0 | |
Daily number of alcohol units consumed before pregnancy 2 | 0.75 | ||||||
0 | 106 | 90.6 | 47 | 92.2 | 59 | 89.4 | |
1 | 11 | 9.4 | 4 | 7.8 | 7 | 10.6 | |
Daily number of alcohol units during pregnancy 3 | 1 | ||||||
0 | 118 | 100 | 51 | 100 | 67 | 100 |
Total | ||
---|---|---|
n (n = 121) | % | |
Women who considered that they were sufficiently informed about the environment 1 | ||
No/Do not know | 82 | 70.1 |
Yes | 35 | 29.9 |
Women who have been informed about the environment during pregnancy by physicians | 54 | 44.6 |
Principal sources of information | ||
Internet | 100 | 82.6 |
Television | 69 | 57.0 |
Midwife | 52 | 43.0 |
Magazines | 48 | 39.7 |
Entourage | 44 | 36.4 |
Gynecologist | 44 | 36.4 |
Maternity | 30 | 24.8 |
General practitioner | 30 | 24.8 |
Relevant sources of information identified by women | ||
Midwives | 99 | 81.8 |
Gynecologists and obstetricians | 88 | 72.7 |
General practitioner | 45 | 37.2 |
Occupational physician | 11 | 9.1 |
Other: Primary Sickness Insurance Fund | 2 | 1.7 |
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Teysseire, R.; Lecourt, M.; Canet, J.; Manangama, G.; Sentilhes, L.; Delva, F. Perception of Environmental Risks and Behavioral Changes during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of French Postpartum Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040565
Teysseire R, Lecourt M, Canet J, Manangama G, Sentilhes L, Delva F. Perception of Environmental Risks and Behavioral Changes during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of French Postpartum Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(4):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040565
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeysseire, Raphaëlle, Marion Lecourt, Jim Canet, Guyguy Manangama, Loïc Sentilhes, and Fleur Delva. 2019. "Perception of Environmental Risks and Behavioral Changes during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of French Postpartum Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040565