Parents’ Willingness and Perception of Children’s Autonomy as Predictors of Greater Independent Mobility to School
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample and Design
2.2. Materials
3. Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mothers | Fathers | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%)/M(SD) | n (%)/M(SD) | χ2/F | |
725 (50) | 725 (50) | ||
Age | 43.02 (5.03) | 45.38 (5.43) | 5.040 *** |
Nationality Foreign Spanish | 89 (12.3) 633 (87.2) | 58 (8) 663 (92) | 635.57 *** |
Education None Primary-secondary High school Professional training University degree | 11 (1.5) 107 (14.7) 102 (14.1) 108 (14.9) 393 (54.1) | 15 (2.1) 155 (21.4) 130 (18) 159 (22.1) 262 (36.3) | 1106.07 *** |
Employment Yes No | 609 (84) 113 (15.6) | 686 (94.5) 31 (4.3) | 2.41 |
Variables | No IM | IM one way | IM both ways | χ2/F |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) M(SD) | n (%) M(SD) | n (%) M(SD) | ||
Socio-demographic variables | ||||
School year 4-year (9-year-old children) 5-year (10-year-old children) 6-year (11-year-old children) | 295 (59.2%) 195 (41.5%) 71 (18.5%) | 80 (16.1%) 98 (20.9%) 76 (19.8%) | 123 (24.7%) 177 (37.7%) 237 (61.7%) | 91.75*** |
No. of children in family | 1.99 (0.91)a | 1.97 (0.64)a | 2.15 (0.89)b | 6.20** |
Position (with siblings) | 1.42 (0.73)a | 1.41 (0.60)a | 1.75 (0.82)b | 32.57*** |
Living with (0 = one parent, 1 = both parents) | 0.91 (0.27) | 0.94 (0.22) | 0.93 (0.24) | 1.10 |
Mothers’ age | 42.37 (4.58)a | 43.85 (1.10)b | 43.33 (1.19)b | 9.86*** |
Mothers’ nationality (1 = not Spanish, 2 = Spanish) | 1.90 (0.29)b | 1.89 (0.30)b | 1.84 (0.36)a | 5.40** |
Mothers’ education (0 = none to 5 = university degree) | 4.04 (1.16) | 4.27 (1.14) | 4.01 (1.21) | 4.64 |
Mothers’ employment (1 = employed, 2 = unemployed) | 1.16 (0.37)b | 1.09 (0.28)a | 1.17 (0.37)b | 5.80** |
Fathers’ age | 44.39 (5.15)a | 46.10 (5.05)b | 46.11 (5.40)b | 14.96*** |
Fathers’ nationality (1 = not Spanish, 2 = Spanish) | 1.94 (0.22)b | 1.91 (0.27) | 1.89 (0.30)a | 4.70** |
Fathers’ education (0 = none to 5 = university degree) | 3.70 (1.19) | 3.83 (1.19) | 3.64 (1.25) | 2.19 |
Fathers’ employment (1 = employed, 2 = unemployed) | 1.04 (0.18) | 1.05 (0.21) | 1.05 (0.21) | 0.06 |
Evaluating your child’s autonomy (1 = not autonomous, 2 = autonomous) | 1.50 (0.50)a | 1.64 (0.53)b | 1.76 (0.42)c | 39.86*** |
Perceived difficulty for IM to school (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.47 (0.53)c | 1.18 (0.49)b | 1.04 (0.26)a | 142.84*** |
Reasons for not allowing IM to school | ||||
We do not feel able to let him/her go by him/herself (1) Our children does not want to go by him/herself (2) (range = 1–2) | 1.21 (0.49)a | 1.39 (0.55)b | 1.28 (0.47) | 7.68*** |
Other reasons for not allowing IM to school (0 = no, 1 = yes) | ||||
I prefer spending this time with my child | 0.27 (0.44)a | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.40 (0.49)b | 9.79** |
My child is too young | 0.43 (0.49)b | 0.21 (0.41)b | 0.10 (0.30)a | 51.90*** |
My child could have bad experiences | 0.27 (0.44)a | 0.30 (0.46)a | 0.47 (0.50)b | 16.29*** |
Parents’ willingness for IM to school (1 = no, 2 = yes) | 1.55 (0.49)a | 1.75 (0.43)b | 1.87 (0.33)c | 49.09*** |
Frequency of IM for outdoor leisure activities (range 1 = never to 4 = always) | ||||
Visiting friends, out-of-school activities | 1.30 (0.58)a | 1.82 (0.75)b | 2.28 (0.92)c | 156.78*** |
Using public transport | 1.02 (0.12) | 1.06 (0.39) | 1.07 (0.36) | 3.42 |
Cycling around the neighborhood | 1.10 (0.33)a | 1.22 (0.54)b | 1.31 (0.64)b | 17.08*** |
Buying from a shop | 1.58 (0.62)a | 1.98 (0.55)b | 2.08 (0.62)b | 67.39*** |
Playing outside, in a park or open spaces | 1.39 (0.59)a | 1.70 (0.68)b | 2.03 (0.79)c | 82.79*** |
Going out when it is gets dark | 1.02 (0.15)a | 1.03 (0.17)a | 1.09 (0.29)b | 8.99*** |
Having house keys (range of frequency 1 = never to 4 = always) | 1.29 (0.78) a | 1.96 (1.27)b | 2.56 (1.32)c | 124.29*** |
Perceived dangers (range 1 = not at all dangerous, 4 = very dangerous) | ||||
Street, footpaths, crossing roads | 2.54 (0.77)c | 2.39 (0.75)b | 2.20 (0.60)a | 19.23*** |
Public parks, entertainment areas | 2.08 (0.69) | 1.98 (0.68) | 1.99 (0.62) | 2.42 |
Buses and public transport | 2.29 (0.75) | 2.18 (0.72) | 2.25 (0.80) | 1.37 |
Shops and supermarkets | 2.05 (0.71)b | 1.88 (0.66)a | 1.89 (0.61)a | 7.49** |
Variables | B | Se | p-Value | Exp(B) |
---|---|---|---|---|
School year | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.011 | 1.35 |
Frequency of IM for visiting friends, out-of-school activities | 0.78 | 0.12 | 0.000 | 2.20 |
Frequency of IM for shopping | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.026 | 1.38 |
Having house keys | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.000 | 1.50 |
Variables | B | Se | p-Value | Exp(B) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Position (with siblings) | 0.39 | 0.14 | 0.004 | 1.49 |
Frequency of IM for visiting friends, out-of-school activities | 1.02 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 2.79 |
Having house keys | 0.69 | 0.10 | 0.000 | 1.99 |
Perceived difficulty for IM to school | −1.53 | 0.35 | 0.000 | 0.28 |
Parental willingness for IM to school | 1.77 | 0.38 | 0.000 | 5.91 |
Evaluating your child’s autonomy | 0.79 | 0.23 | 0.001 | 2.22 |
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Ayllón, E.; Moyano, N.; Lozano, A.; Cava, M.-J. Parents’ Willingness and Perception of Children’s Autonomy as Predictors of Greater Independent Mobility to School. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050732
Ayllón E, Moyano N, Lozano A, Cava M-J. Parents’ Willingness and Perception of Children’s Autonomy as Predictors of Greater Independent Mobility to School. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(5):732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050732
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyllón, Ester, Nieves Moyano, Azucena Lozano, and María-Jesús Cava. 2019. "Parents’ Willingness and Perception of Children’s Autonomy as Predictors of Greater Independent Mobility to School" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050732