Comparing the Effects of Road, Railway, and Aircraft Noise on Sleep: Exposure–Response Relationships from Pooled Data of Three Laboratory Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design and Acoustics
2.3. Polysomnography
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive and Inference Statistical Results Comparing the Three Datasets
3.2. Event Related Analysis of the Pooled Dataset
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | STRAIN Study | AIRORA Study | IfADo Study | Total Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 112 | 72 | 53 | 237 |
Number of road noise events | - | 9908 | 25,739 | 35,647 |
Number of railway noise events | - | 10,014 | 17,666 | 27,680 |
Number of aircraft noise events | 25,479 | 9741 | 11,289 | 46,509 |
Total number of noise events | 25,479 | 29,663 | 54,694 | 109,836 |
Variable | STRAIN Study | IfADo Study | AIRORA Study | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | |
Intercept | −6.3850 | <0.001 | −8.1111 | <0.001 | −7.7395 | <0.001 |
Maximum SPL (aircraft) | 0.0473 | <0.001 | 0.0312 | <0.001 | 0.0421 | <0.001 |
Maximum SPL * road | × | × | 0.0196 | 0.002 | 0.0203 | 0.001 |
Maximum SPL * railway | × | × | 0.0173 | 0.007 | 0.0260 | <0.001 |
Tr (aircraft) | 0.0241 | 0.001 | 0.2545 | <0.001 | 0.0331 | 0.001 |
Tr (road) | × | × | −0.2958 | <0.001 | −0.0126 | 0.417 |
Tr (railway) | × | × | −0.2272 | 0.001 | −0.0292 | 0.065 |
Railway (indicator) | × | × | −0.6031 | 0.054 | −0.7669 | 0.041 |
Aircraft (indicator) | × | × | −0.3934 | 0.213 | −0.9380 | 0.013 |
Noise-free interval | 0.0075 | <0.001 | 0.0077 | <0.001 | 0.0120 | 0.020 |
Elapsed time in sleep stage | −0.0108 | <0.001 | −0.0022 | 0.034 | −0.0147 | <0.001 |
Noise duration | 0.0014 | <0.001 | 0.0019 | <0.001 | 0.0020 | <0.001 |
Noise number | 0.0239 | <0.001 | −0.0013 | 0.543 | −0.0022 | 0.710 |
Number of noise events per night | −0.0041 | <0.001 | 0.0024 | 0.001 | −0.0002 | 0.870 |
Maximum SPL * noise number | −0.0005 | <0.001 | −0.00004 | 0.305 | −0.0001 | 0.575 |
Sleep stage S3 + S4 | −0.8414 | <0.001 | −0.3752 | <0.001 | −0.7607 | <0.001 |
REM sleep | −0.4813 | <0.001 | 0.0292 | 0.407 | −0.2957 | <0.001 |
Variable | Regression Coefficient (Standard Error) | z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −5.5220 (0.2584) | −21.37 | <0.001 |
Maximum SPL (road) | 0.0635 (0.0038) | 16.87 | <0.001 |
Maximum SPL * railway noise | 0.0001 (0.0037) | 0.0151 | 0.9880 |
Maximum SPL * aircraft noise | −0.0138 (0.0040) | −3.4148 | <0.001 |
Tr | 0.0161 (0.0043) | 3.7408 | <0.001 |
Noise duration | 0.0009 (0.0009) | 1.0081 | 0.3130 |
Railway noise (indicator) | 0.0752 (0.2133) | 0.3525 | 0.7240 |
Aircraft noise (indicator) | 0.5769 (0.2358) | 2.4463 | 0.0144 |
Noise-free interval | 0.0095 (0.0007) | 13.24 | <0.001 |
Elapsed sleep time | 0.0007 (0.0001) | 10.78 | <0.001 |
Elapsed time in same sleep stage | −0.0085 (0.0007) | −12.16 | <0.001 |
Noise number | 0.0011 (0.0018) | 0.62 | 0.5330 |
Maximum SPL * noise number | −0.0001 (0.0000) | −1.88 | 0.0608 |
Number of noises per night | −0.0025 (0.0004) | −6.28 | <0.001 |
Sleep stage S3 | −0.6396 (0.0399) | −16.04 | <0.001 |
Sleep stage S4 | −0.6927 (0.0531) | −13.06 | <0.001 |
REM sleep | −0.2155 (0.0227) | −9.49 | <0.001 |
Age | 0.0013 (0.0029) | 0.46 | 0.6430 |
IfADo study | 0.4164 (0.2514) | 1.6561 | 0.0977 |
STRAIN study | −0.1331 (0.2711) | −0.4910 | 0.6230 |
Maximum SPL * IfADo study | −0.0070 (0.0040) | −1.7509 | 0.0800 |
Maximum SPL * STRAIN study | 0.0074 (0.0044) | 1.6779 | 0.0934 |
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Elmenhorst, E.-M.; Griefahn, B.; Rolny, V.; Basner, M. Comparing the Effects of Road, Railway, and Aircraft Noise on Sleep: Exposure–Response Relationships from Pooled Data of Three Laboratory Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061073
Elmenhorst E-M, Griefahn B, Rolny V, Basner M. Comparing the Effects of Road, Railway, and Aircraft Noise on Sleep: Exposure–Response Relationships from Pooled Data of Three Laboratory Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(6):1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061073
Chicago/Turabian StyleElmenhorst, Eva-Maria, Barbara Griefahn, Vinzent Rolny, and Mathias Basner. 2019. "Comparing the Effects of Road, Railway, and Aircraft Noise on Sleep: Exposure–Response Relationships from Pooled Data of Three Laboratory Studies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6: 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061073