Effect of Land Cover Fractions on Changes in Surface Urban Heat Islands Using Landsat Time-Series Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Preprocessing
2.3. Method
2.3.1. LST Retrieval
2.3.2. Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA)
2.3.3. SUHI Evaluation Factors
3. Results
3.1. LCF Results and Validation
3.2. Distribution Characteristic of SUHIs
3.3. Variation Characteristics of SUHIs
3.4. Relationship of the LCF to SUHI Intensity
3.5. Fitting Analysis on the SUHI Fierce Change Area
4. Discussion
4.1. Time-Series Images in SUHI Research
4.2. Mapping Methods for LCF and Normalized LST
4.3. Fitting Analysis of the Specific Area
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SUHI | surface urban heat island |
LULC | land use and land cover |
NDVI | normalized difference vegetation index |
LCF | land cover fraction |
LST | land surface temperature |
MESMA | multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis |
MNDWI | modified normalized difference water index |
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Satellite | Orbit | Time |
---|---|---|
Landsat 5 | P123r039 | 1990/09/02 |
1994/09/29 | ||
1996/10/04 | ||
2002/09/03 | ||
2009/09/06 | ||
Landsat 8 | P123r039 | 2014/10/06 |
Region | Definition |
---|---|
extreme low | LST < LST mean − 1.5*STD |
low | LST mean − 1.5*STD < LST < LST mean − STD |
sub-low | LST mean − STD < LST < LST mean − 0.5*STD |
medium | LST mean − 0.5*STD < LST < LST mean + 0.5*STD |
sub-high | LST mean + 0.5*STD < LST < LST mean + STD |
high | LST mean + STD < LST < LST mean + 1.5*STD |
extreme high | LST > LST mean + 1.5*STD |
Categories of Endmembers | Area (km2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 2002 | 2009 | 2014 | |
IS | 144.30 | 166.29 | 227.27 | 166.94 | 186.04 | 128.42 |
VEG | 395.30 | 361.94 | 310.95 | 360.01 | 319.95 | 379.24 |
N&S | 33.83 | 76.65 | 82.66 | 18.76 | 109.01 | 75.69 |
Year | Category | IS | VEG | N&S | Total | Year | Category | IS | VEG | N&S | Total |
1990 | IS | 72 | 0 | 11 | 83 | 1994 | IS | 86 | 0 | 8 | 94 |
VEG | 0 | 71 | 13 | 84 | VEG | 0 | 91 | 36 | 127 | ||
N&S | 3 | 0 | 47 | 50 | N&S | 7 | 2 | 51 | 60 | ||
Total | 75 | 71 | 71 | 217 | Total | 93 | 93 | 95 | 281 | ||
Overall Accuracy = (190/217) = 87.56% | Overall Accuracy = (228/281) = 81.14% | ||||||||||
Kappa Coefficient = 0.81 | Kappa Coefficient = 0.72 | ||||||||||
Year | Category | IS | VEG | N&S | Total | Year | Category | IS | VEG | N&S | Total |
1996 | IS | 80 | 6 | 14 | 100 | 2002 | IS | 54 | 1 | 16 | 71 |
VEG | 4 | 87 | 16 | 107 | VEG | 3 | 90 | 10 | 103 | ||
N&S | 8 | 0 | 53 | 61 | N&S | 2 | 0 | 55 | 57 | ||
Total | 92 | 93 | 83 | 268 | Total | 59 | 91 | 81 | 231 | ||
Overall Accuracy = (220/268) = 82.09% | Overall Accuracy = (199/231) = 86.15% | ||||||||||
Kappa Coefficient = 0.73 | Kappa Coefficient = 0.79 | ||||||||||
Year | Category | IS | VEG | N&S | Total | Year | Category | IS | VEG | N&S | Total |
2009 | IS | 68 | 13 | 8 | 89 | 2014 | IS | 70 | 14 | 27 | 111 |
VEG | 1 | 85 | 9 | 95 | VEG | 1 | 85 | 13 | 99 | ||
N&S | 27 | 0 | 77 | 104 | N&S | 10 | 0 | 42 | 52 | ||
Total | 96 | 98 | 94 | 288 | Total | 81 | 99 | 82 | 262 | ||
Overall Accuracy = (230/288) = 79.86% | Overall Accuracy = (197/262) = 75.19% | ||||||||||
Kappa Coefficient = 0.70 | Kappa Coefficient = 0.63 |
Categories of Endmembers | Coefficient | F-Value | P-Value | Adjust R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.355 | 231.63796 | 0 | 0.454 |
IS | 0.421 | |||
VEG | −0.191 | |||
N&S | 0.203 |
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Share and Cite
Chen, T.; Sun, A.; Niu, R. Effect of Land Cover Fractions on Changes in Surface Urban Heat Islands Using Landsat Time-Series Images. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060971
Chen T, Sun A, Niu R. Effect of Land Cover Fractions on Changes in Surface Urban Heat Islands Using Landsat Time-Series Images. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(6):971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060971
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Tao, Anchang Sun, and Ruiqing Niu. 2019. "Effect of Land Cover Fractions on Changes in Surface Urban Heat Islands Using Landsat Time-Series Images" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6: 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060971