Trace Element Analysis in Whole Blood and Plasma for Reference Levels in a Selected Queensland Population, Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Equipment and Apparatus
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Certified Reference Materials for Quality Control
2.4. Sample Collection
2.5. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.6. ICP-MS Analysis and Conditioning Run
2.6.1. Calibration Standard Solutions
2.6.2. Blanks and Calibration Blanks
2.6.3. Clinwashes Solutions
2.6.4. Internal Standard Solution
2.6.5. Preparation of Quality Controls and Spikes
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Quality Control and Assurance
3.2. Trace Element Levels in Blood
4. Discussion
4.1. Non-Essential Trace Elements
4.2. Essential Trace Elements
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Whole Blood Donor Age (Year) | Plasma Donor Age (Year) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Mean | Median | Min | Max | Sex | Mean | Median | Min | Max |
M (n = 71) | M (n = 59) | ||||||||
F (n = 49) | F (n = 61) | ||||||||
M and F | 46.3 | 48 | 18 | 73 | M and F | 44.6 | 46 | 19 | 81 |
M | 47.3 | 49 | 19 | 73 | M | 48.4 | 49 | 19 | 81 |
F | 44.9 | 45 | 18 | 72 | F | 40.9 | 43 | 19 | 73 |
RF Power | 1350 W |
RF Matching | 1.95 V |
Sample Depth | 8 mm |
Nebulizer Gas | 0.8 L/min |
Nebulizer Pump | 0.1 rps |
Dilution Gas | 0.25 L/min |
Spray Chamber Temp. | 2 °C |
Peak Pattern | 1 point |
Replicates | 3 |
He flow | 4.5 mL/min |
Sweeps/Replicate | 100 |
Element | Unit | Seronorm Whole Blood QC | UTAK Trace Element Serum Control | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This Study | Whole Blood L-1 | This Study | Whole Blood L-2 | This Study | Normal Range | This Study | High Range | ||
Ag | µg/L | <0.1 | 0.075 | <0.1 | 0.073 | - | - | - | - |
Al | µg/L | - | 11.6 (5.8–17.5) | - | 68.9 (55.0–82.7) | 13.0 | 10.9 (6.5–15.3) | 192 | 201 (161–241) |
As | µg/L | 1.93 | 2.4 (1.9–29) | 11.6 | 14.1 (11.3–17.0) | - | - | - | - |
Bi | µg/L | <0.1 | - | 5.27 | 5.00 (3.99–6.00) | <0.08 | - | <0.08 | - |
Br | µg/L | 714 | 1053 | 693 | 980 | - | - | - | - |
Cd | µg/L | <0.8 | 0.28 (0.17–0.40) | 4.86 | 5.01 (4.00–6.02) | - | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) | - | 9.0 (7.2–10.8) |
Co | µg/L | 0.21 | 0.20 (0.12–0.28) | 5.01 | 5.18 (4.13–6.22) | 0.27 | - | 0.29 | - |
Cr | µg/L | <5 | 0.45 (0.27–0.63) | 9.4 | 10.7 (8.5–12.8) | 0.49 | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) | 2.42 | 2.27 (1.82–2.72) |
Cu | mg/L | 0.58 | 0.64 (0.51–0.76) | 1.17 | 1.34 (1.07–1.60) | 0.99 | 1.08 (0.81–1.35) | 2.76 | 3.06 (2.4–3.7) |
Hg | µg/L | 1.45 | 1.48 (1.18–1.77) | 17.1 | 17.0 (13.6–20.4) | - | - | - | - |
I | µg/L | 17.1 | 28.6 (22.8–34.3) | 74 | 107 (86–129) | - | - | - | - |
Mn | µg/L | 17.3 | 18.4 (14.7–22.1) | 29.8 | 31.4 (25.1–37.7) | 0.56 | 0.47 (0.35–0.59) | 2.47 | 2.51 (2.01–3.01) |
Mo | µg/L | 0.58 | 0.51 (0.41–0.61) | 4.69 | 5.31 (4.24–6.37) | 0.92 | - | 0.88 | - |
Ni | µg/L | <2 | 1.38 (1.10–1.66) | 15.1 | 15.9 (12.7–19.1) | - | - | - | - |
Pb | µg/L | 10.1 | 9.9 (7.9–11.9) | 324 | 337 (269–405) | - | - | - | - |
Sb | µg/L | 1.43 | 1.33 (1.06–1.60) | 25.5 | 25.9 (20.7–31.1) | - | - | - | - |
Se | µg/L | 50 | 60 (48–72) | 139 | 161 (128–193) | 110 | 101 (76–126) | 309 | 281 (225–337) |
Tl | ng/L | <0.06 | 7 (3–11) | 10.9 | 10.2 (8.1–12.2) | <0.04 | - | <0.04 | - |
U | µg/L | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 | - | - | - | - |
V | µg/L | 0.63 | 0.97 (0.58–1.35) | 4.02 | 4.98 (3.98–5.98) | <0.20 | - | <0.20 | - |
Zn | mg/L | 4.2 | (3.4–5.2) | 7.2 | 7.1 (5.7–8.5) | 0.69 | 0.68 (0.51–0.85) | 2.57 | 2.64 (2.11–3.17) |
Elements | Spike Level (µg/L) | Whole Blood Spike Recovery (%) | Plasma Spike Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± s.d. (n = 3) | |||
Al | 5 | - | 101.0 ± 3.4 |
Ag | 5 | 100.5 ± 2.8 | - |
As | 5 | 104.0 ± 5.6 | - |
Bi | 5 | 101.2 ± 2.1 | 94.9 ± 1.8 |
Br | 500 | 98.9 ± 3.0 | - |
Cd | 5 | 99.5 ± 2.5 | - |
Co | 5 | 97.9 ± 2.2 | 104.3 ± 1.8 |
Cr | 5 | 96.0 ± 1.4 | 96.3 ± 1.4 |
Cu | 505 | 101.0 ± 5.0 | 98.8 ± 1.5 |
Hg | 0.5 | 120 ± 47 | - |
I | 50 | 99.4 ± 1.4 | - |
Mn | 5 | 101.1 ± 6.0 | 105.4 ± 3.6 |
Mo | 5 | 97.9 ± 1.8 | 108.4 ± 1.0 |
Ni | 5 | 98.5 ± 3.1 | - |
Pb | 5 | 107.2 ± 15.2 | - |
Sb | 5 | 96.7 ± 1.3 | - |
Se | 5 | 100.5 ± 5.0 | 121.1 ± 6.2 |
Tl | 5 | 97.6 ± 2.0 | 95.9 ± 1.8 |
U | 5 | 98.2 ± 2.9 | - |
V | 5 | 99.9 ± 2.9 | 99.1 ± 0.9 |
Zn | 505 | 104.3 ± 10.5 | 103.7 ± 1.4 |
Element (µg/L) | Whole Blood (n =120) | Plasma (n = 120) | Whole Blood | Plasma | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (Range) a | Mean (Range) | LOD | LOR | LOD | LOR | |
Ag | 0.19 (<0.1–0.82) | - | 0.04 | 0.1 | - | - |
Al | - | 6.9 (4–82) | - | - | 1.2 | 4.0 |
As | 2.2 (<0.2–41.64) | - | 0.06 | 0.2 | - | - |
Bi | <0.1 | <0.08 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
Br | 4960 (2820–12,200) | - | 18 | 52 | - | - |
Cd | 0.80(<0.8–0.99) | - | 0.2 | 0.8 | - | - |
Co | 0.33 (<0.2–1.1) | 0.47 (0.21–1.3) | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
Cr | <5 | <1.7 | 1.8 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
Cu | 840 (650–1420) | 1100 (670–2490) | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
Hg | 2.0 (<0.8–9.3) | - | 0.2 | 0.8 | - | - |
I | 30.1 (19.5–82.7) | - | 0.4 | 1.5 | - | - |
Mn | 9.7 (4.54- 19.5) | 1.0 (<1–3.1) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
Mo | 0.49 (<0.3–1.7) | 0.91 (0.26- 3.0) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.2 |
Ni | 2.0 (<2–4.0) | - | 0.8 | 2.0 | - | - |
Pb | 13.6 (3.8–49.6) | - | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | - |
Sb | 4.1 (2.6–6.2) | - | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | - |
Se | 141 (118–224) | 130 (82- 180) | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.6 |
Tl | 0.06 (<0.06–0.16) | 0.11 (0.04–0.20) | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
U | <0.1 | - | 0.04 | 0.1 | - | - |
V | <0.45 | 0.2 (0.2–0.22) | 0.2 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
Zn | 6750 (4620- 9250) | 1150 (820–1660) | 4 | 11.5 | 1.6 | 5.0 |
Element (µg/L) | Whole Blood (n = 120) | Mann–Whitney U Test | Plasma (n = 120) | Mann–Whitney U Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 49) | Male (n = 71) | Significance | Female (n = 61) | Male (n = 59) | Significance | |
Ag | 0.20 (0.1–0.67) | 0.17 (0.1–0.82) | - | - | ||
Al | - | - | 6.4 (<4–21.8) | 7.4 (<4–81.8) | ||
As | 2.7 (0.2–42) | 1.8 (0.2–13.0) | - | - | ||
Bi | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.08 | <0.08 | ||
Br | 5140 (2820–12,180 | 4830 (3120–9050) | - | - | ||
Cd | 0.81 (<0.8–0.99) | 0.80 (<0.8–0.93) | - | - | ||
Co | 0.37 (<0.2–1.1) | 0.30 (<0.2–0.86) | 0.50 (0.22–1.34) | 0.44 (0.21–1.1) | ||
Cr | <5 | <5 | <1.7 | <1.7 | ||
Cu | 930 (710–1420) | 770 (650–950) | p < 0.001 | 1240 (706–2485) | 960 (672–1403) | p < 0.001 |
Hg | 1.8 <0.8–9.3) | 2.1 (<0.8–7.7) | - | - | ||
I | 32.5 (20.1–82.7) | 28.5 (19.5–44.6) | p = 0.009 | - | - | |
Mn | 10.0 (5.7–17.6) | 9.6 (4.5–19.5) | 1.1 (<1–3.1) | 1.0 (<1–1.3) | ||
Mo | 0.51 (<0.3–1.7) | 0.47 (<0.3–1.2) | 0.85 (0.27–2.67) | 0.96 (0.26–3.0) | ||
Ni | 2.0 (<2–4.0) | <2 | - | - | ||
Pb | 13.2 (3.8- 49.6) | 13.9 (4.9–45.0) | - | - | ||
Sb | 4.0 (2.8–5.9) | 4.1 (2.6–6.2) | - | - | ||
Se | 140 (122–203) | 142 (118–224) | 124 (82- 179) | 130 (101–161) | p = 0.003 | |
Tl | 0.061 (<0.06–0.10) | 0.07 (<0.06–0.16) | p = 0.016 | 0.11 (0.05–0.20) | 0.10 (0.04–0.20) | |
U | <0.1 | <0.1 | - | - | ||
V | <0.45 | <0.45 | 0.20 (<0.2–0.22) | 0.20 (<0.2–0.22) | ||
Zn | 6540 (4940–8390) | 6900 (4620–9250) | p = 0.016 | 1140 (850–1660) | 1160 (819–1496) |
Element (µg/L) | Whole Blood | Mann–Whitney U Test | Plasma | Mann–Whitney U Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Under 40 y (n = 43) | Over 40 y (n = 77) | Significance | Under 40 y (n = 45) | Over 40 y (n = 75) | Significance | |
Ag | 0.17 (<0.1–0.65) | 0.20 (<0.1–0.82) | p = 0.034 | - | - | |
Al | - | - | 6.2 (<4–9.6) | 7.4 (<4–81.8) | ||
As | 1.53 (<0.2–13.4) | 2.51 (<0.2–41.6) | - | - | ||
Bi | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.08 | <0.08 | ||
Br | 4740 (2820–9050) | 5080 (3110–12,180) | - | - | ||
Cd | 0.80 (<0.8–0.85) | 0.81 (<0.8–0.99) | - | - | ||
Co | 0.31 (<0.2–0.86) | 0.34 (<0.2–1.1) | 0.47 (0.21–1.2) | 0.47 (0.21–1.34) | ||
Cr | <5 | <5 | <1.7 | <1.7 | ||
Cu | 837 (649–1390) | 840 (660–1420) | 1223 (706–2490) | 1030 (672–1963) | ||
Hg | 1.52 (<0.8–6.71) | 2.2355 (<0.8–9.3) | p = 0.031 | - | - | |
I | 30.0 (19.8–42.7) | 30.3 (19.5–82.7) | - | - | ||
Mn | 10.2 (5.3–19.5) | 9.5 (4.5–19.3) | 1.0 (<1–1.3) | 1.1 (<1–3.1) | ||
Mo | 0.50 (0.3–1.7) | 0.48 (0.3–1.2) | 0.94 (0.29–2.67) | 0.89 (0.26–3.0) | ||
Ni | 2.0 (<2–4.0) | <2 | - | - | ||
Pb | 10.9 (4.8–31.4) | 15.1 (3.8–49.6) | p = 0.003 | - | - | |
Sb | 4.0 (2.8–5.1) | 4.1 (2.6–6.2) | - | - | ||
Se | 137 (119–156) | 144 (118–224) | p = 0.026 | 124 (96–161) | 129 (82- 179) | p = 0.013 |
Tl | 0.07 (<0.06–0.11) | 0.062 (<0.06–0.16) | p < 0.001 | 0.11 (0.05–0.20) | 0.10 (0.04–0.16) | |
U | <0.1 | <0.1 | - | - | ||
V | <0.45 | <0.45 | 0.20 (<0.20–0.20) | 0.20 (<0.20–0.22) | ||
Zn | 6590 (4620–8650) | 6840 (4910–9250) | 1100 (820–1340) | 1180 (890–1660) | p = 0.011 |
Element (µg/L) | Whole Blood Percentile Range | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 49) | Male (n = 71) | |||||||
2.5–10% | 25–75% | 90–97.5% | GM a | 2.5–10% | 25–75% | 90–97.5% | GM | |
Ag | <0.1 | 0.10–0.25 | 0.31–0.61 | 0.17 | <0.1 | <0.1–0.21 | 0.26–0.44 | 0.15 |
As | <0.2 | 0.45–1.7 | 5.0–13.4 | 1.0 | <0.2–0.25 | 0.46–1.73 | 3.5–12.1 | 0.95 |
Bi | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Br | 3140–3950 | 4520–5590 | 6380–6700 | 4990 | 3270–3500 | 4030–5610 | 5980–7890 | 4710 |
Cd | <0.8 | <0.8 | <0.8–0.86 | 0.81 | <0.8 | <0.8 | <0.8 | <0.8 |
Co | <0.2 | <0.2–0.46 | 0.63–0.86 | 0.33 | <0.2 | <0.2–0.34 | 0.48–0.57 | 0.28 |
Cr | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 |
Cu | 720–750 | 810–1020 | 1160–1390 | 920 | 660–680 | 730–810 | 850–940 | 770 |
Hg | <0.8 | <0.81.9 | 3.3–6.7 | 1.4 | <0.8 | <0.8–2.6 | 4.9–6.8 | 1.6 |
I | 22.6–25.8 | 26.1–34.0 | 40.6–60.2 | 31 | 20.6–22.9 | 25.2–30.9 | 34.7–37.8 | 28.1 |
Mn | 6.6–7.3 | 8.0–11.5 | 13.0–13.9 | 9.7 | 5.2–6.2 | 7.0–11.3 | 13.4–18.7 | 9.1 |
Mo | <0.3 | 0.35–0.61 | 0.75–1.1 | 0.47 | <0.3 | 0.3–0.54 | 0.77–0.98 | 0.43 |
Ni | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Pb | 4.5–5.5 | 8.0–15.3 | 24.3–33.4 | 11.2 | 5.4–6.7 | 9.2–16.5 | 19.6–33.4 | 12.5 |
Sb | 3.0–3.2 | 3.4–4.3 | 4.7–5.0 | 3.9 | 2.9–3.4 | 3.7–4.5 | 5.0–5.8 | 4.1 |
Se | 122–124 | 130–148 | 157–171 | 140 | 120–123 | 131–152 | 158–167 | 140 |
Tl | <0.06 | <0.06 | 0.062–0.072 | 0.061 | <0.06 | <0.06–0.062 | 0.08–0.10 | 0.065 |
U | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
V | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 |
Zn | 5250–5650 | 5910–7070 | 7660–8350 | 6490 | 5120–5740 | 6270–7480 | 8140–8570 | 6840 |
Element (µg/L) | Plasma Percentile Range | |||||||
Female (n = 61) | Male (n = 59) | |||||||
2.5–10% | 25–75% | 90–97.5% | GM a | 2.5–10% | 25–75% | 90–97.5% | GM | |
Al | <4–4.4 | 5.4–6.8 | 8.2–10.1 | 6.2 | <4 | 4.7–6.9 | 8.2–12.0 | 6.2 |
Bi | <0.080 | <0.080 | <0.080 | <0.08 | <0.080 | <0.080 | <0.080 | <0.08 |
Co | 0.23–0.26 | 0.32–0.56 | 0.87–1.2 | 0.45 | 0.22–0.24 | 0.29–0.48 | 0.74–1.06 | 0.39 |
Cr | <1.7 | <1.7 | <1.7 | <1.7 | <1.700 | <1.700 | <1.700 | <1.7 |
Cu | 790–860 | 1000–1300 | 1870–2130 | 1190 | 710–790 | 860–1060 | 1130–1230 | 950 |
Mn | <1 | <1 | <1–1.3 | 1.0 | <1 | <1 | 1.1–1.2 | 1.0 |
Mo | 0.35–0.46 | 0.54–1.1 | 1.3–2.0 | 0.77 | 0.31–0.47 | 0.63–1.1 | 1.7–2.1 | 0.85 |
Se | 98–110 | 115–130 | 140–160 | 123 | 109–115 | 122–140 | 145–160 | 130 |
Tl | 0.06–0.07 | 0.08–0.13 | 0.15–0.18 | 0.1 | 0.06–0.07 | 0.09–0.12 | 0.14–0.17 | 0.1 |
V | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
Zn | 880–955 | 1020–1220 | 1300–1450 | 1130 | 910–990 | 1050–1260 | 1350–1460 | 1150 |
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Komarova, T.; McKeating, D.; Perkins, A.V.; Tinggi, U. Trace Element Analysis in Whole Blood and Plasma for Reference Levels in a Selected Queensland Population, Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052652
Komarova T, McKeating D, Perkins AV, Tinggi U. Trace Element Analysis in Whole Blood and Plasma for Reference Levels in a Selected Queensland Population, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052652
Chicago/Turabian StyleKomarova, Tatiana, Daniel McKeating, Anthony V. Perkins, and Ujang Tinggi. 2021. "Trace Element Analysis in Whole Blood and Plasma for Reference Levels in a Selected Queensland Population, Australia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052652