Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Experimental Studies
3.1.1. Stress
3.1.2. Affective State
3.1.3. Anxiety and Depressive Mood
3.1.4. Cognitive Function
3.1.5. Brain Activity
3.1.6. Blood Pressure
3.1.7. Immune Function
3.1.8. Postoperative Recovery
3.2. Observational Studies
3.2.1. Mental Health
3.2.2. Physical Activity
3.2.3. Obesity
3.2.4. Sleep
3.2.5. Cardiovascular Disease
3.2.6. Diabetes
3.2.7. Cancer
3.2.8. Mortality
3.2.9. Birth Outcomes
3.2.10. Asthma/Allergies
3.3. Natural Experiments/Randomized Controlled Trials of Chronic Outcomes
3.4. Effect Modification/Susceptible Populations
4. Discussion
4.1. Data Gaps and Limitations
4.2. Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jimenez, M.P.; DeVille, N.V.; Elliott, E.G.; Schiff, J.E.; Wilt, G.E.; Hart, J.E.; James, P. Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790
Jimenez MP, DeVille NV, Elliott EG, Schiff JE, Wilt GE, Hart JE, James P. Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimenez, Marcia P., Nicole V. DeVille, Elise G. Elliott, Jessica E. Schiff, Grete E. Wilt, Jaime E. Hart, and Peter James. 2021. "Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094790