The Effect of Perceived Stress, Family Companionship, and Mental Health on the Subjective Happiness of Chinese Healthcare Workers: A Mixed Research Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design, Settings, and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Instruments
2.4.1. General Information Questionnaire
2.4.2. Perceived Stress
2.4.3. Family Companionship
2.4.4. Mental Health
2.4.5. Subjective Happiness
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Multiple Linear Regression
3.3. Correlation Analysis
3.4. Verification Analysis of the Chain-Mediation Effect of Family Companionship and Mental Health
3.5. Results of Open-Ended Survey Responses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Category | Total (n = 368) | Hospital A (n = 217) | Hospital B (n = 151) | χ2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | Male | 55 (14.9) | 30 (13.8) | 25 (16.6) | 0.523 | 0.470 |
Female | 313 (85.1) | 187 (86.2) | 126 (83.4) | |||
Age, year, n (%) | 25–29 | 76 (20.7) | 54 (24.9) | 22 (14.6) | 8.169 | 0.017 |
30–39 | 223 (60.5) | 130 (59.9) | 93 (61.6) | |||
40–55 | 69 (18.8) | 33 (15.2) | 36 (23.8) | |||
Marriage status, n (%) | Married | 277 (75.3) | 156 (71.9) | 121(80.1) | 3.250 | 0.071 |
Unmarried | 91 (24.7) | 61 (28.1) | 30 (19.9) | |||
Children, n (%) | One or more children | 261 (70.9) | 144 (66.4) | 117 (77.5) | 5.343 | 0.021 |
No children | 107 (29.1) | 73 (33.6) | 34 (22.5) | |||
Educational level, n (%) | Undergraduate degree or below | 281 (76.4) | 167 (77.0) | 114 (75.5) | 0.105 | 0.745 |
Postgraduate degree or above | 87 (23.6) | 50 (23.0) | 37 (24.5) | |||
Occupation, n (%) | Nurse | 240 (65.2) | 140 (64.5) | 100 (66.2) | 16.991 | <0.001 |
Medical doctor | 86 (23.4) | 41 (18.9) | 45 (29.8) | |||
Others | 42 (11.4) | 36 (16.6) | 6 (4.0) | |||
Department, n (%) | Emergency/ICU/Operating room | 78 (21.2) | 49 (22.6) | 29 (19.2) | 0.860 | 0.651 |
Outpatient/Ward | 246 (66.8) | 141 (65.0) | 105 (69.5) | |||
Auxiliary Department | 44 (12.0) | 27 (12.4) | 17 (11.3) | |||
Working experience, year, n (%) | <10 | 181 (49.2) | 106 (48.8) | 75 (49.7) | 0.024 | 0.877 |
≥10 | 187 (50.8) | 111 (51.2) | 76 (50.3) | |||
Current shift work, n (%) | Yes | 292 (79.3) | 198 (91.2) | 94 (62.3) | 45.673 | <0.001 |
Weekly working hours, n (%) | ≤35 | 35 (9.5) | 30 (13.8) | 5 (3.3) | 14.652 | 0.001 |
35~44 | 201 (54.6) | 105 (48.4) | 96 (63.6) | |||
>44 | 132 (35.9) | 82 (37.8) | 50 (33.1) | |||
Commuting time, min, n (%) | <30 | 102 (27.7) | 63 (29.0) | 39 (25.8) | 1.889 | 0.389 |
30–60 | 124 (33.7) | 67 (30.9) | 57 (37.7) | |||
≥60 | 142 (38.6) | 87 (40.1) | 55 (36.4) | |||
Family monthly income, n (%) | <10 thousand yuan | 56 (15.2) | 22 (10.1) | 34 (22.5) | 12.118 | 0.007 |
10–20 thousand yuan | 189 (51.4) | 114 (52.5) | 75 (49.7) | |||
20–30 thousand yuan | 79 (21.5) | 50 (23.0) | 29 (19.2) | |||
>30 thousand yuan | 44 (12.0) | 31 (14.3) | 13 (8.6) | |||
Liabilities status, n (%) | Yes | 295 (80.2) | 178 (82.0) | 117 (77.5) | 1.156 | 0.282 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), n (%) | <23 | 243 (66.0) | 148 (68.2) | 95 (62.9) | 1.110 | 0.292 |
≥23 | 125 (34.0) | 69 (31.8) | 56 (37.1) | |||
Diagnosed chronic disease, n (%) | Yes | 78 (21.2) | 44 (20.3) | 34 (22.5) | 0.267 | 0.605 |
Exercise, n (%) | Yes | 177 (48.1) | 95 (43.8) | 82 (54.3) | 3.952 | 0.047 |
Self-reported sleep quality, n (%) | Poor | 153 (41.6) | 99 (45.6) | 54 (35.8) | 4.376 | 0.112 |
Average | 172 (46.7) | 97 (44.7) | 75 (49.7) | |||
Good | 43 (11.7) | 21 (9.7) | 22 (14.6) | |||
Self-perceived health status, n (%) | Poor | 67 (18.2) | 43 (19.8) | 24 (15.9) | 1.279 | 0.528 |
Average | 251 (68.2) | 147 (67.7) | 104 (68.9) | |||
Good | 50 (13.6) | 27 (12.4) | 23 (15.2) |
Characteristic | Total (n = 368) | Hospital A (n = 217) | Hospital B (n = 151) | χ2/t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSS-14, n (%) | |||||
Normal | 98 (26.6) | 42 (19.4) | 56 (37.1) | 14.328 | <0.001 |
Health risks | 270 (73.4) | 175 (80.6) | 95 (62.9) | ||
Family companionship, n (%) | |||||
No time | 114 (31.0) | 75 (34.6) | 39 (25.8) | 8.200 | 0.017 |
Little time | 235 (63.9) | 136 (62.7) | 99 (65.6) | ||
Enough time | 19 (5.2) | 6 (2.8) | 13 (8.6) | ||
DASS-21, n (%) | |||||
Depression subscale | |||||
Normal | 169 (45.9) | 84 (38.7) | 85 (56.3) | 13.548 | 0.009 |
Mild | 83 (22.6) | 53 (24.4) | 30 (19.9) | ||
Moderate | 74 (20.1) | 48 (22.1) | 26 (17.2) | ||
Severe | 34 (9.2) | 25 (11.5) | 9 (6.0) | ||
Extremely severe | 8 (2.2) | 7 (3.2) | 1 (0.7) | ||
Anxiety subscale | |||||
Normal | 125 (34.0) | 51 (23.5) | 74 (49.0) | 28.971 | <0.001 |
Mild | 41 (11.1) | 25 (11.5) | 16 (10.6) | ||
Moderate | 113 (30.7) | 74 (34.1) | 39 (25.8) | ||
Severe | 50 (13.6) | 37 (17.1) | 13 (8.6) | ||
Extremely severe | 39 (10.6) | 30 (13.8) | 9 (6.0) | ||
Stress subscale | |||||
Normal | 186 (50.5) | 81 (37.3) | 105 (69.5) | 40.849 | <0.001 |
Mild | 70 (19.0) | 46 (21.2) | 24 (15.9) | ||
Moderate | 62 (16.8) | 50 (23.0) | 12 (7.9) | ||
Severe | 38 (10.3) | 30 (13.8) | 8 (5.3) | ||
Extremely severe | 12 (3.3) | 10 (4.6) | 2 (1.3) | ||
SHS *, Mean (SD) | 4.13 ± 0.90 | 3.98 ± 0.88 | 4.35 ± 0.88 | −4.033 | <0.001 |
Variable | β | t | p | 95% CI | Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children (vs. no) | |||||
Yes | 0.297 | 3.569 | <0.001 | 0.133~0.461 | 1.038 |
Educational level (vs. undergraduate degree or below) | |||||
Postgraduate degree or above | 0.244 | 2.217 | 0.027 | 0.027~0.460 | 1.585 |
Occupation (vs. nurse) | |||||
Medical doctor | −0.345 | −3.027 | 0.003 | −0.569~−0.121 | 1.693 |
Others | −0.460 | −3.672 | <0.001 | −0.707~−0.214 | 1.155 |
Self-perceived health status (vs. bad) | |||||
Average | 0.074 | 0.727 | 0.468 | −0.126~0.274 | 1.632 |
Good | 0.444 | 3.091 | 0.002 | 0.161~0.726 | 1.759 |
Commuting time (vs. >60) | |||||
<30 | −0.033 | −0.349 | 0.727 | −0.222~0.155 | 1.340 |
30–60 | 0.221 | 2.451 | 0.015 | 0.044~0.399 | 1.323 |
Family companionship (vs. no time) | |||||
Little time | −0.067 | −0.789 | 0.431 | −0.233~0.100 | 1.201 |
Enough time | 0.025 | 0.137 | 0.891 | −0.337~0.388 | 1.211 |
PSS | −0.043 | −6.023 | <0.001 | −0.057~−0.029 | 1.834 |
DASSD | −0.032 | −3.939 | <0.001 | −0.048~−0.016 | 2.898 |
DASSA | 0.012 | 1.237 | 0.217 | −0.007~0.030 | 2.903 |
DASSS | −0.003 | −0.405 | 0.686 | −0.020~0.013 | 3.602 |
PSS | DASSD | DASSA | DASSS | SHS | Family Companionship | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSS | 1 | |||||
DASSD | 0.604 ** | 1 | ||||
DASSA | 0.517 ** | 0.713 ** | 1 | |||
DASSS | 0.608 ** | 0.766 ** | 0.776 ** | 1 | ||
SHS | −0.515 ** | −0.478 ** | −0.340 ** | −0.421 ** | 1 | |
Family companionship | −0.271 ** | −0.228 ** | −0.233 ** | −0.260 ** | 0.148 ** | 1 |
Path | Effect | Boot LLCI | Boot ULCI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct effect | Perceived stress → Subjective happiness | −0.047 | −0.060 | −0.032 | <0.001 |
Indirect effects | Perceived stress → Family companionship → Subjective happiness | 0.000 | −0.003 | 0.004 | 0.836 |
Perceived stress → Mental health → Subjective happiness | −0.017 | −0.029 | −0.007 | <0.001 | |
Perceived stress → Family companionship → Mental health → Subjective happiness | −0.001 | −0.002 | 0.000 | 0.003 | |
Total effect | Perceived stress → Subjective happiness | −0.064 | −0.075 | −0.053 | <0.001 |
Theme | Codes | Sample Quotes |
---|---|---|
Work–family conflict | High working pressure | “There is a lot of work pressure and psychological pressure, so there is no way to get along with family under pressure”. (Participant 202) |
“Work intensity is high; aside from cooking, there is basically no energy to take care of children after work”. (Participant 347) | ||
“We have no holidays, and our working hours are so tight that it is difficult to adjust”. (Participant 148) | ||
Feel powerless | “I have two children. My eldest son is now 9 years old, and my youngest daughter is 8 months old. Taking care of these two children makes me physically overdrawn and mentally exhausted, and I lack sleep. I also easy become impatient when I take care of them after work”. (Participants 190) | |
“Housework and children are taken care of by other family members. After finishing work, I feel I have no energy to take care of them”. (Participant 279) | ||
“There is little time for my children and family. Sometimes, even if I rest, I have to attend to meetings and my studies, or I feel so tired that I can’t take care of my family”. (Participants 345) | ||
“I’m too tired to go to work, and I can’t slow down after a night shift every three days, so there’s no way to take care of my family”. (Participant 271) | ||
Having no time | “My parents are old and in poor health. I’m busy at work. If my parents are ill, it’s difficult for me to spare enough time to accompany them when they need to see a doctor”. (Participant 58) | |
“I want to, but I don’t have time. Every time I go to work, my children haven’t woken up yet. Most of the time they fall asleep when I come home from work”. (Participant 169) | ||
No one gives support | “There is no way to provide my children with the rich life and good family education environment I want, and no one can give me life and financial support, so I can only rely on myself”. (Participant 235) | |
Emotional experiences with respect to family members | Positive experience | “Home is the warmest place. Although I feel tired every time I go to work, I will be very happy when I get home, especially when I see my children”. (Participant 264) |
“High-quality parent–child interactions make me feel happy” (Participant 259) | ||
“Even if I feel tired sometimes, I am still very happy to spend time with my children”. (Participant 157) | ||
Negative experience | “I have to work 5–6 days a week, have a teleconference 1–2 times in the evening, and take part in studies inside and outside the hospital during my rest time. Basically, if my family gets sick, they go to see a doctor by themselves. I have no time to spend with them, so I feel guilty”. (Participant 119) | |
“I am a very unqualified daughter, wife, and mother”. (Participant 319) | ||
“I feel worried and anxious because I can’t take good care of my family”. (Participant 338) | ||
“I’m very worried because my children are disobedient and don’t study hard”. (Participant 134) | ||
“When I take care of children after work, it is particularly easy for me to lose temper and become impatient”. (Participant 52) | ||
“At present, I have worked in a fever clinic for almost a year, and I have been in centralized isolation accommodation and home isolation for nearly half a year. During this period, I have had no way to take care of my family and children, no normal social intercourse, no way to go out, and no way to spend time with children doing outdoor activities or accompanying them on their commute to or from school, and I can’t get together with relatives and friends, which makes me feel very helpless”. (Participant 192) | ||
Family care relationships | Provide care | “My family is not around, and I am usually busy with work, so there is very little company, care, and greetings for my family, and there is not enough support for each other”. (Participant 108) |
“Rest time with my family is inconsistent, so we can’t spend time with children together”. (Participant 339) | ||
“Usually I take more care of my children”. (Participant 65) | ||
Receive care | “I have always been taken care of by my family”. (Participant 361) | |
No care | “My family and I don’t live together, so my family doesn’t need much care from me”. (Participant 329) | |
“My family thinks that taking good care of themselves is the best care for them”. (Participant 362) | ||
“At present, I am single, and everything at home is taken care of by my elders”. (Participant 137) | ||
How to take care of family in the future | “In the future, I will maintain a good mood, take care of my family more, and bring them more warmth”. (Participant 86) | |
“The parents are old, and the children not only care about their studies but also their life. I hope I can spend more time with them in the future”. (Participant 173) | ||
“I will try to balance the relationship between work and family”. (Participant 181) |
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Feng, D.; Wang, Q.; Huang, S.; Lang, X.; Ding, F.; Wang, W. The Effect of Perceived Stress, Family Companionship, and Mental Health on the Subjective Happiness of Chinese Healthcare Workers: A Mixed Research Method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912058
Feng D, Wang Q, Huang S, Lang X, Ding F, Wang W. The Effect of Perceived Stress, Family Companionship, and Mental Health on the Subjective Happiness of Chinese Healthcare Workers: A Mixed Research Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912058
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Danni, Quan Wang, Sufang Huang, Xiaorong Lang, Fengfei Ding, and Wei Wang. 2022. "The Effect of Perceived Stress, Family Companionship, and Mental Health on the Subjective Happiness of Chinese Healthcare Workers: A Mixed Research Method" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912058