Airborne Microplastic in the Atmospheric Deposition and How to Identify and Quantify the Threat: Semi-Quantitative Approach Based on Kraków Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Processing
2.1.1. Study Area
2.1.2. Sampling
2.1.3. Sample Processing
2.1.4. Quality Assurance
2.2. MP Particles’ Identification, Quantification and Characteristics
2.2.1. ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
2.2.2. Py-GC–MS
2.2.3. Electron Microscope Observation of the MP Surfaces
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Atmospheric Deposition
3.2. Visual Characteristics of MPs
3.3. Identification of MPs and Analysis of the Change in Their Relative Share over Time
3.3.1. ATR-FTIR Identification
Sample Pre-Treatment with HF
3.3.2. Py-GC–MS Study
A Semi-Quantitative Approach with Regard to the MP Component
3.4. SEM Observations and Microanalysis of the Airborne MP Fibres’ Surfaces
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SAMPLE | D68 | D89 | D99 | D1011 | D1112 | D1201 | D0102 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period of collection | 2 June–9 August 2019 | 9 August–9 September 2019 | 9 September–1 October 2019 | 1 October–5 November 2019 | 5 November–3 December 2019 | 3 December 2019–3 January 2020 | 3 January–2 February 2020 |
Dry mass of total atmospheric deposition [g] | 0.245 | 0.178 | 0.026 | 0.059 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 |
Daily average dry mass of atmospheric deposition [g/day] | 0.0036 | 0.0057 | 0.0012 | 0.0017 | 0.0016 | 0.0016 | 0.0015 |
ATR-FTIR | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Py-GC–MS | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
SEM-EDS | X | ||||||
Sample preparation procedure | |||||||
HF pre-treatment | X | ||||||
Manual concentration | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Polymer | Polymer Content [wt.%] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D68 | D89 | D99 | D1011 | D1112 | D1201 | D0102 | |
PS | 13.6 | – | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 22.2 | 16.1 |
LDPE | 14.7 | 7.0 | 17.7 | 49.4 | 9.6 | 13.8 | 21.9 |
PUR | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Nyl-66 | 66.9 | 93.0 | 56.9 | 47.5 | 89.7 | 64.0 | 34.8 |
PP | 3.7 | – | 24.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | – | 27.2 |
PET | 1.1 | – | – | 0.4 | 0.2 | – |
A | Orange MP Fibre Surface | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt% | OR 1 | OR 2 | OR 3 | OR 4 | OR 5 | OR 6 | OR 7 | |
O | 35.35 | 16.74 | n.d. | 33.28 | 36.61 | 47.30 | n.d. | |
Na | 2.90 | 10.18 | n.d. | 19.72 | 2.17 | n.d. | 5.84 | |
Mg | 1.30 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.65 | 2.19 | n.d. | |
Al | 12.91 | 0.59 | n.d. | 0.73 | 8.49 | 0.66 | 76.50 | |
Si | 28.59 | 1.81 | n.d. | 2.27 | 22.56 | 1.21 | n.d. | |
S | 0.77 | 3.24 | 100.00 | 0.44 | 0.95 | 1.61 | 17.66 | |
Cl | 4.89 | 39.34 | n.d. | 3.57 | 0.53 | 1.21 | n.d. | |
K | 5.06 | 21.77 | n.d. | 24.63 | 2.25 | 0.75 | n.d. | |
Ca | 1.27 | 6.33 | n.d. | 13.09 | 6.05 | 45.08 | n.d. | |
Cu | n.d | n.d. | n.d. | 2.27 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
Ti | 0.31 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
Fe | 6.25 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 15.87 | n.d. | n.d. | |
Zn | 0.42 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |
Ba | n.d | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.93 | n.d. | n.d. | |
P | n.d | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.91 | n.d. | n.d. | |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
B | Blue MP Fibre Surface | |||||||
wt% | BLUE 1 | BLUE 2 | BLUE 3 | BLUE 4 | BLUE 5 | BLUE 6 | ||
O | 46.19 | 47.60 | 43.81 | 14.58 | 18.10 | 42.51 | ||
Na | 1.66 | 7.14 | 9.74 | 1.52 | n.d | 4.01 | ||
Mg | n.d | 3.63 | 2.42 | 0.72 | 1.57 | 2.44 | ||
Al | 1.95 | 1.55 | 1.87 | 7.67 | 1.37 | 8.10 | ||
Si | 0.96 | 20.40 | 17.18 | 20.63 | 1.01 | 15.15 | ||
S | 18.24 | 2.67 | 2.86 | 3.57 | 1.72 | 3.87 | ||
Cl | 2.11 | 8.49 | 10.93 | 12.77 | 0.44 | 7.69 | ||
K | 1.25 | 5.24 | 6.81 | 11.59 | 0.42 | 5.02 | ||
Ca | 27.65 | 3.27 | 3.21 | 14.10 | 74.10 | 10.16 | ||
Cu | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | ||
Ti | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | ||
Fe | n.d | n.d | 1.17 | 12.87 | n.d | n.d | ||
Zn | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | ||
Ba | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | ||
P | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | 1.27 | 1.04 | ||
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
C | Blue MP fibre surface | |||||||
wt % | BK 1 | BK 2 | BK 3 | BK 4 | BK 5 | BK 6 | BK 7 | BK 8 |
O | 35.35 | 28.25 | 31.19 | 27.74 | 32.31 | 43.27 | 22.11 | 20.29 |
Na | 2.90 | 4.50 | n.d | 8.57 | 4.26 | 3.62 | 14.45 | 4.27 |
Mg | 1.30 | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
Al | 12.91 | 16.07 | 38.77 | 16.03 | 1.28 | 0.49 | 1.20 | 13.79 |
Si | 28.59 | 0.98 | 12.94 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 44.27 | 1.09 | 47.35 |
S | 0.77 | 5.68 | 1.40 | 3.25 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 5.51 | 0.82 |
Cl | 4.89 | 25.95 | 7.75 | 24.01 | 3.11 | 4.72 | 31.44 | 11.05 |
K | 5.06 | 18.56 | 6.22 | 19.83 | 1.34 | 2.21 | 18.54 | 2.43 |
Ca | 1.27 | n.d | 1.74 | n.d | 56.78 | 0.41 | 4.80 | n.d |
Cu | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | 0.87 | n.d |
Ti | 0.31 | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
Fe | 6.25 | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
Zn | 0.42 | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
Ba | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
P | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
wt% | BK 9 | BK 10 | BK 11 | BK 12 | BK 13 | BK 14 | BK 15 | BK 16 |
O | 33.79 | n.d | 47.76 | 9.48 | 20.94 | 14.08 | n.d | n.d |
Na | 5.13 | 1.24 | 4.76 | 8.64 | 2.62 | n.d | 5.30 | n.d |
Mg | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | 13.38 | n.d |
Al | 12.02 | 16.39 | 16.83 | 33.97 | 37.07 | 63.14 | 27.33 | 68.93 |
Si | 39.83 | 1.34 | 1.50 | 0.71 | 9.96 | n.d | 14.60 | 31.07 |
S | 0.25 | 29.51 | 10.26 | 1.14 | 2.39 | 0.67 | 3.18 | n.d |
Cl | 0.31 | 29.20 | 11.23 | 31.17 | 9.50 | 12.99 | 5.18 | n.d |
K | 8.26 | 22.08 | 5.41 | 14.46 | 7.47 | 5.75 | 3.65 | n.d |
Ca | n.d | n.d | 2.25 | n.d. | 7.82 | 1.10 | 27.39 | n.d |
Cu | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d. | n.d. | 2.27 | n.d | n.d |
Ti | 0.14 | n.d | n.d | 0.44 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d | n.d |
Fe | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | 1.50 | n.d. | n.d | n.d |
Zn | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d. | n.d | n.d |
Ba | 0.28 | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d. | n.d | n.d |
P | n.d | 0.24 | n.d | n.d | 0.73 | n.d. | n.d | n.d |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
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Jarosz, K.; Janus, R.; Wądrzyk, M.; Wilczyńska-Michalik, W.; Natkański, P.; Michalik, M. Airborne Microplastic in the Atmospheric Deposition and How to Identify and Quantify the Threat: Semi-Quantitative Approach Based on Kraków Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912252
Jarosz K, Janus R, Wądrzyk M, Wilczyńska-Michalik W, Natkański P, Michalik M. Airborne Microplastic in the Atmospheric Deposition and How to Identify and Quantify the Threat: Semi-Quantitative Approach Based on Kraków Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912252
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarosz, Kinga, Rafał Janus, Mariusz Wądrzyk, Wanda Wilczyńska-Michalik, Piotr Natkański, and Marek Michalik. 2022. "Airborne Microplastic in the Atmospheric Deposition and How to Identify and Quantify the Threat: Semi-Quantitative Approach Based on Kraków Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912252