Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peri-Implant Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Western China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Case and Control Definition
2.3. Clinical Examination and Quality Control
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Control Group (n = 138, %) | Case Group (n = 110, %) | χ2 | P | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 54 (39.13) | 61 (55.45) | 6.06 | 0.01 * | 1.89 (1.14–3.14) |
Female | 84 (60.87) | 49 (44.55) | 1 | ||
Age | |||||
<35 | 25 (18.12) | 14 (12.73) | 1 | ||
35–65 | 108 (78.26) | 90 (81.82) | 0.002 | 0.97 | 1.49 (0.73–3.03) |
>65 | 5 (3.62) | 6 (5.45) | 0.79 | 0.37 | 2.14 (0.55–8.31) |
Smoking | |||||
Never | 109 (78.99) | 83 (75.46) | 1 | ||
Smoking | 22 (15.94) | 21 (19.09) | 0.16 | 0.69 | 1.25 (0.65–2.43) |
Given up | 7 (5.07) | 6 (5.45) | 0.0001 | 0.99 | 1.13 (0.37–3.48) |
Drinking | |||||
No | 105 (76.09) | 86 (78.18) | 1 | ||
Moderate | 26 (18.84) | 18 (16.36) | 0.21 | 0.65 | 0.85 (0.44–1.64) |
Heavy | 7 (5.07) | 6 (5.45) | 0.05 | 0.82 | 1.05 (0.34–3.23) |
Diabetes | |||||
Yes | 15 (10.87) | 13 (11.82) | 0.06 | 0.81 | 1.10 (0.50–2.42) |
No | 123 (89.13) | 97 (88.18) | 1 | ||
Cardiovascular disease | |||||
Yes | 36 (26.09) | 34 (30.91) | 0.70 | 0.40 | 1.27 (0.72–2.21) |
No | 102 (73.91) | 76 (69.09) | 1 | ||
Osteoporosis | |||||
Yes | 4 (2.9) | 6 (5.45) | 1.00 | 0.32 | 1.93 (0.53–7.03) |
No | 134 (97.1) | 104 (94.55) | 1 | ||
Bleeding on brushing | |||||
Yes | 41 (29.71) | 51 (46.36) | 7.18 | 0.01 * | 2.05 (1.21–3.45) |
No | 97 (70.29) | 59 (53.64) | 1 | ||
Cause of tooth loss at implant site | |||||
Trauma | 29 (21.01) | 12 (10.91) | 1 | ||
Decay | 79 (57.25) | 60 (54.55) | 0.05 | 0.82 | 1.84 (0.87–3.89) |
Periodontitis | 13 (9.42) | 28 (25.45) | 12.06 | 0.0005* | 5.20 (2.03–13.33) |
Others | 17 (12.32) | 10 (9.09) | 0.86 | 0.36 | 1.42 (0.51–3.98) |
Count of scaling after implantation | |||||
0 | 116 (84.06) | 97 (88.18) | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.84 (0.20–3.43) |
1 | 15 (10.87) | 7 (6.36) | 0.89 | 0.34 | 0.47 (0.09–2.43) |
2 | 4 (2.9) | 4 (3.64) | 1 | ||
3 | 3 (2.17) | 2 (1.82) | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.67 (0.07–6.41) |
Frequency of brushing per day | |||||
1 | 11 (7.97) | 24 (21.82) | 5.42 | 0.02* | 3.54 (1.63–7.68) |
2 | 112 (81.16) | 69 (62.73) | 1 | ||
≥3 | 15 (10.87) | 17 (15.45) | 0.003 | 0.96 | 1.84 (1.86–3.92) |
Gargle | |||||
Yes | 89 (64.49) | 61 (55.45) | 1 | ||
No | 49 (35.51) | 49 (44.55) | 2.09 | 0.15 | 1.46 (0.87–2.44) |
DIS | |||||
No | 12 (8.70) | 8 (7.27) | 1 | ||
<1/3 | 108 (78.26) | 73 (66.36) | 0.0005 | 0.98 | 1.01 (0.40–2.60) |
≥1/3&≤2/3 | 16 (11.59) | 29 (26.36) | 0.0009 | 0.98 | 2.72 (0.92–8.03) |
>2/3 | 2 (1.45) | 0 (0.00) | 0.0006 | 0.98 | <0.01 (<0.01–>999.99) |
CIS | |||||
No | 13 (9.42) | 2 (1.82) | 1 | ||
<1/3 | 72 (52.17) | 63 (52.27) | 3.28 | 0.07 | 5.68 (1.24–26.15) |
≥1/3&≤2/3 | 50 (36.23) | 44 (40.00) | 3.18 | 0.07 | 5.72 (1.22–26.73) |
>2/3 | 3 (2.17) | 1 (0.91) | 0.11 | 0.74 | 2.17 (0.14–32.50) |
Periodontitis degree | |||||
No | 45 (32.61) | 7 (6.36) | 1 | ||
Slight | 79 (57.25) | 56 (50.91) | 0.004 | 0.95 | 4.56 (1.92–10.84) |
Moderate | 14 (10.14) | 47 (42.73) | 37.80 | <0.01 * | 21.58 (7.98–58.38) |
Variables | Control Group (n = 138, %) | Case Group (n = 110, %) | χ2 | P | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Implant system | |||||
Nobel | 56 (44.44) | 50 (45.87) | 1 | ||
Biomet 3i | 49 (38.89) | 45 (41.28) | 1.59 | 0.21 | 1.03 (0.59–1.79) |
ITI | 16 (12.70) | 13 (11.93) | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.91 (0.40–2.08) |
Others | 5 (3.97) | 1 (0.92) | 1.77 | 0.18 | 0.22 (0.03–1.98) |
Implant length | |||||
<10 mm | 14 (10.14) | 2 (1.82) | 5.55 | 0.02 * | 6.10 (1.36–27.43) |
≥10 mm | 124 (89.86) | 108 (98.18) | 1 | ||
Transgingival | |||||
Yes | 114 (82.61) | 92 (83.64) | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.93 (0.48–1.82) |
No | 24 (17.39) | 18 (16.36) | 1 | ||
Alveolar bone type | |||||
II | 60 (43.48) | 45 (40.91) | 1 | ||
III | 77 (55.80) | 61 (55.45) | 1.74 | 0.19 | 1.06 (0.63–1.76) |
IV | 1 (0.72) | 4 (3.64) | 2.14 | 0.14 | 5.33 (0.57–49.35) |
Bone graft | |||||
No | 52 (37.68) | 47 (42.73) | 1 | ||
Yes | 86 (62.32) | 63 (57.27) | 0.65 | 0.42 | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) |
Immediate implant | |||||
No | 110 (79.71) | 92 (83.64) | 1 | ||
Yes | 28 (20.29) | 18 (16.36) | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.77 (0.40–1.48) |
Prosthetic | |||||
Single crown | 66 (47.83) | 58 (52.73) | 1 | ||
Splinted prosthetic | 59 (42.75) | 39 (35.45) | 1.37 | 0.24 | 0.75 (0.44–1.29) |
Fixed partial denture | 13 (9.42) | 13 (11.82) | 0.43 | 0.51 | 1.14 (0.49–2.65) |
Implant-abutment connection | |||||
Cement retention | 125 (90.58) | 98 (89.09) | 1 | ||
Screw retention | 13 (9.42) | 12 (10.91) | 0.15 | 0.70 | 1.18 (0.51–2.70) |
Proximal contact | |||||
Good | 103 (74.64) | 68 (61.82) | 1 | ||
Poor | 35 (25.36) | 42 (38.18) | 4.65 | 0.03 * | 1.82 (1.06–3.13) |
Opposite jaw type | |||||
Tooth | 114 (82.61) | 78 (70.90) | 1 | ||
Mental crown | 5 (3.62) | 9 (8.18) | 1.28 | 0.26 | 2.63 (0.85–8.15) |
Porcelain crown | 7 (5.07) | 15 (13.64) | 2.95 | 0.09 | 3.13 (1.22–8.04) |
Metal-porcelain crown | 6 (4.35) | 4 (3.64) | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.97 (0.27–3.57) |
Porcelain fixed partial denture | 6 (4.35) | 4 (3.64) | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.97 (0.27–3.57) |
Variables | χ2 | P | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 4.10 | 0.04 * | 1.91 (1.02–3.57) | |
Female | 1 | |||
Bleeding on brushing | ||||
Yes | 1.65 | 0.20 | 1.49 (0.81–2.74) | |
No | 1 | |||
Cause of tooth loss at implant site | ||||
Trauma | 1 | |||
Decay | 0.04 | 0.85 | 1.94 (0.82–4.58) | |
Periodontitis | 2.18 | 0.14 | 2.99 (1.03–8.71) | |
Others | 0.05 | 0.82 | 2.03 (0.60–6.89) | |
Frequency of brushing per day | ||||
1 | 4.21 | 0.04 * | 3.11 (1.26–7.68) | |
2 | 1 | |||
≥3 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 1.33 (0.55–3.18) | |
Periodontitis degree | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Slight | 0.02 | 0.90 | 3.76 (1.49–9.46) | |
Moderate | 21.28 | <0.0001 * | 13.00 (4.38–38.60) | |
Proximal contact | ||||
Good | 1 | |||
Poor | 4.66 | 0.03 * | 1.90 (1.06–3.42) | |
Implant length | ||||
<10 mm | 6.55 | 0.01 * | 7.87 (1.62–38.46) | |
≥10 mm | 1 | |||
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Zhao, R.; Zhao, W.; Huang, J.; Fang, M.; Dong, Y.; Chen, J.; Ji, Z.; Tian, M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peri-Implant Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Western China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912667
Zhao R, Zhao W, Huang J, Fang M, Dong Y, Chen J, Ji Z, Tian M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peri-Implant Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Western China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912667
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Rui, Wen Zhao, Jin Huang, Ming Fang, Yan Dong, Jihua Chen, Zhaohua Ji, and Min Tian. 2022. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peri-Implant Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Western China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912667