Consumption of Thermally Processed Meat Containing Carcinogenic Compounds (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines) versus a Risk of Some Cancers in Humans and the Possibility of Reducing Their Formation by Natural Food Additives—A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol Registration
2.2. Selection Criteria
2.3. Search Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Food
3.2. Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (HAAs) in Food
3.3. Mechanisms of Bioactivation
3.3.1. PAHs
3.3.2. HAAs
3.4. Risk of Cancer
3.4.1. Head and Neck Cancer
3.4.2. Gastrointestinal Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
3.4.3. Prostate Cancer
3.4.4. Lymphatic Cancer
3.4.5. Renal and Bladder Cancer
3.4.6. Breast Cancer
4. Reducing the Risk of Cancer by Supplementing the Diet with Plant Products
5. Influence of Vegetable Additives on the Synthesis of Carcinogenic PAHs and HAAs in Thermally Processed Meat Dishes
Additives | Sample Type and Heat Treatment Conditions | Influence on BaP Concentration | Influence on PAHs Concentration | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meat model system | ||||
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 3,5-di-tert-4-butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol, sesamol (200 ng/g) | Meat model system heated at 200 °C for 30 min (dry conditions) | Control 6.6 ng/g. Maximum decrease: to 4.1 ng/g (sesamol) | PAH8 Control 22.3 ng/g. Decrease range: from 14.4 (EGCG) to 11.6 ng/g (sesamol) | [22] |
Marinades | ||||
Three phenolic acid marinades with: protocatechuic acid (PA), gallic acid (GA) and ferulic acid (FA) (0.1–5 mg/mL) | Charcoal-grilled chicken wings | Control 3.3 ng/g. Decrease range: 2.95 ng/g (0.1 mg/mL GA) to 2.1 ng/mL (3 mg/mL FA) | PAH8 Control 12.83 ng/g. Decrease range: 12.3 (0.1 mg/mL FA) to 7.7 (3 mg/mL PA) | [119] |
Marinades with 8 phenolic compounds existing in green tea: (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin (GC), catechin (C), epicatechin gallate 107 (ECG), catechin gallate (CG), naringenin, and quinic acid (QA) | Charcoal-grilled chicken wings | Control 1.5 ng/g. Reduction in the range from 20.5% (GC) to 71% (QA) | PAH8 Control 2,5 ng/g. Reduction range from 15% (GC) to 54.5% (QA) | [120] |
Black beer, alcoholic and non-alcoholic pilsner beer marinades, | Charcoal-grilled pork | Control 2.7 ng/g. Decrease range: 2.2 ng/g (alcoholic beer) to 1.1 ng/g (black beer) | PAH8 Control 20.7 ng/g. Decrease range: 17.8 ng/g (alcoholic beer) to 9.7 ng/g (black beer) | [107] |
Six brands of beer marinades and eleven phenolic compounds (e.g., gallic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid), and flavonoids (catechin), Homovanillic acid (HVA) | Charcoal-grilled chicken wings | Control 2.3 ng/g. Decrease to 0.5 ng/g (Heineken); Increase to 2.8 (Snow) All phenolic compounds decreased the BaP concentration. Maximum–HVA (67%) | PAH8 Control 13.0 ng/g. Decrease to 4.3 (Heineken) Increase to 18.1 ng/g (Snow) All phenolic compounds decreased the PAH8 concentration. Maximum–HVA (48%) | [109] |
Tea marinade with green tea (GT) and yerba mate (YM) (1%) | Charcoal-grilled pork belly | Reduction: 24.5% (GT) and 31.5% (YM) | - | [113] |
Meat sprayed with vinegars: - white wine vinegar (WWV), - red wine vinegar (RWV), - apple cider vinegar (ACV), - elderberry vinegar (EV), - apple cider vinegar with raspberry juice (ACVR) | Charcoal-grilled pork | Control 3.4 ng/g. Reduction in the range from 58.5 (ACVR) to 85.3% (WWV) | PAH4 Control 31.5 ng/g. Reduction in the range from 55 (ACVR) to 82% (EV) | [112] |
Spices and natural plant additives | ||||
Gochujang (Korean Red Pepper Paste) | Charcoal-Grilled Pork belly | Reduction by 32% | 16 PAH Reduction by (63.1%) | [121] |
Black pepper, garlic, ginger, onion, paprika (P), and red chilli (0.5%) | Fried beef and chicken meatballs | Reduction in the range from 44% (paprika in chicken) to 100% (ginger in beef) | 2 PAHs: BaA and BaP Reduction in the range from 47% (black pepper, beef) to 98% (ginger, beef) | [111] |
Garlic (0.05–0.15%, w/w); garlic essential oil (GEO) (0.002–0.006%, w/w) | Charcoal-grilled pork sausages | Reduction: 37.2–62.3% (garlic); 29.1–57.1% (GEO) | - | [108] |
Garlic (15%); onion (30%) | Pan fried pork (collars, chops) | Reduction: 55–71% (garlic); 44–74.5% (onion) | 6 PAHs (BaA, BaP, BbF, BghiP, BkF, DBahA) reduction 41–66% (garlic); 3.5–67% (onion) | [100] |
Additives | Sample Type and Heat Treatment Conditions | Reduction of HAAs Concentration | No Reduction or Increase of HAA Concentration | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marinades | ||||
Marinade with 1% green tea extract | Pan-fried beef | PhIP reduction from 33.8 to 8.8 and AαC-from 14.7 ng/g to 2.2 | 4,8-DiMeIQx and MeIQx | [122] |
Green (GT), oolong (OT) and white tea (WT) extracts (1%) | Grilled chicken drumsticks | IQ, PhIP, AαC, Harman, norharman Reduction 23% (WT), 16–18% for GT and OT | - | [114] |
Beer (B) or red wine (RW) marinades | Pan-fried beef | PhIP–88% (B and RW); MeIQx–44% (B) and 33% (RW) AαC-7–77% (B, RW) | - | [123] |
Black beer (BB), alcoholic (AB) and nonalcoholic pilsner beer (NAB) marinades | Charcoal-grilled pork | PhIP reduction from 6.1 ng/g to 1.6 (BB) Trp-P-1 from 5.9 ng/g to 0 ng/g (all marinades); AαC from 1.5 to 0.3 ng/g (BB); 4,8-DiMeIQx from 4.6 ng/g to 0 (BB) | 4,8-DiMeIQx, MeAαC (NAB) | [124] |
Complex (purchased) marinades based on acerola, oregano and sumac, with many other ingredients | Barbecued pork chops | Reduction by using each marinade: MeIQx from 1.11 to 0.73 ng/g; 4,8-DiMeIQx from 1.54 ng/g to 0.13 and PhIP from 11.35 to 0.13 ng/g | Harman and norharman | [125] |
Spices and natural plant additives | ||||
Rosemary ethanolic extracts (0.05–0.5%) | Cooked beef patties | MeIQx (92%) and PhIP (85%) | - | [126] |
Oregano (0.25% and 0.5%) | Pan-fried ground beef patties | MeIQ (reduction 100%), MeIQx from 7.2 ng/g to 4.6 ng/g; PhIP from 2.3 ng/g to 1 ng/g | - | [115] |
Black cumin (1%) | Cooked meatballs (at 250 °C) | MeIQx reduction from 1.53 ng/g to 0.86 ng/g; PhIP from 2.75 ng/g to 1.50 ng/g | - | [127] |
Basil (1%) | Cooked meatballs (at 250 °C) | MeIQx reduction from 0.63 ng/g to 0.53 ng/g, MeIQ from 0.09 to 0.07 ng/g, 4,8-MeIQx, and PhIP–100% reduction | - | [116] |
Turmeric, curry leaf, torch ginger and lemon grass | Grilled beef | Total 9 HAAs (IQ, IQx, MeIQ, MeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP, Harman, Norharman, AαC) reduction in the range from 21% (curry leaf) to 94.7% (turmeric and lemon grass) (50:50 w/w) | - | [128] |
Turmeric powder (0.5%) | Chicken meatballs | Total HAAs reduction by 72% | - | [129] |
Black pepper (0.5; 1%, 1.5%) | Fried tilapia fillets | PhIP and MeIQx (reduction 100% by using 1% pepper) | MeIQ and norharman | [130] |
Sichuan pepper (0.5%; 1%) | Grilled ground beef patties | PhIP reduction (by using 0.5% pepper) 82%, IQx 61%, MeIQx 28% and 4,8-DiMeIQx 79% | Harman and norharman | [131] |
Black pepper, garlic, ginger, onion, paprika (P), and red chilli (0.5%) | Fried beef and chicken meatballs | IQ, MeIQ,4,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP. Inhibitory efficiency of the 4 HAAs in the range from 43% (onion) to 87% (ginger). | - | [111] |
Chilli pepper (0.5%) | Roast beef patties | PhIP reduction: 68%; Total 8HAAs reduction: 46% | MeIQx, harman | [132] |
Garlic (15%); onion (30%) | Pan fried pork (collars, chops) | IQ, MeIQ, MeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP Total reduction in the range from 21 to 49.5% (onion) and 26–36 (garlic) | [133] | |
Beetroot juice (3%) | Meat-protein model system | PhIP reduction 60%, MeIQx 77% and IQ 87% | - | [134] |
Cherry tissue (11.5%) | Fried ground beef patties | PhIP reduction in the range from 87–93% | - | [135] |
Dried apple peel extract (0.1, 0.15 and 0.3%) | Pan fried beef patties | MeIQx reduction 41- 68%; 4,8-DiMeIQx 21–56%; PhIP 60–83% | - | [136] |
Pomegranate seed extract (0.5%) | Beef and chicken meatballs (oven roasted, pan cooked, charcoal-barbecued, deep-fat fried) | The highest reduction: PhIP 68–75%; norharman 24–57%; harman 18–28%; IQ 45–46%; MeIQx 49–57% | Norharman and harman in beef oven roasted; IQ and MeIQx in chicken oven roasted and pan cooked | [137] |
Hawthorns extract (0.5, and 1%) | Beef and chicken breast oven and pan-cooked | Total amount of 12 HAAs (Q, IQx, MeIQ, MeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP, harman, norharman, AαC, MeAαC, and Trp-P-2) reduced in the range of 12–100% | Harman | [138] |
Apple skin and olive extracts, onion powder (1 and 3%) | Ground beef patties-grilled | MeIQx 49–51% and PhIP 51–65% (olive and apple extracts); MeIQx and PhIP 47 and 80.7%, (onion powder) | MeIQx (by using 1% onion) and PhIP (1% apple skin extract) | [139] |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Abbreviation | Structure | IARC Carcinogenic Group * | Classification | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzo(a)pyrene | BaP | 1 | PAH4 | PAH8 | |
Benz(a)anthracene | BaA | 2B | |||
Benzo(b)fluoranthene | BbF | 2B | |||
Chrysene | Chr | 2B | |||
Benzo(k)fluoranthene | BkF | 2B | |||
Benzo(ghi)perylene | BghiP | 3 | |||
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene | DB(ah)A | 2A | |||
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | IP | 2B |
Name | Abbreviation | Structure | IARC Carcinogenic Group * |
---|---|---|---|
Polar HAAs (“thermic compounds”) | |||
2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f]quinolone | IQ | 2A | |
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline | MeIQ | 2B | |
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline | MeIQx | 2B | |
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine | PhIP | 2B | |
Non-polar HAAs (“pyrolytic compounds”) | |||
2-amino-9H-pyrido [2,3-b]indole | AαC | 2B | |
2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido [2,3-b]indole | MeAαC | 2B | |
3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole | Trp-P-2 | 2B | |
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido (4,3-b)indole | Trp-P-1 | 2B | |
2-aminodipyrido [1,2-a:3′,2′-d] imidazole | Glu-P-2 | 2B | |
2-amino-6-methyldipyrido [1,2-a:3′,2′ d] imidazole | Glu-P-1 | 2B |
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Bulanda, S.; Janoszka, B. Consumption of Thermally Processed Meat Containing Carcinogenic Compounds (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines) versus a Risk of Some Cancers in Humans and the Possibility of Reducing Their Formation by Natural Food Additives—A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084781
Bulanda S, Janoszka B. Consumption of Thermally Processed Meat Containing Carcinogenic Compounds (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines) versus a Risk of Some Cancers in Humans and the Possibility of Reducing Their Formation by Natural Food Additives—A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084781
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulanda, Sylwia, and Beata Janoszka. 2022. "Consumption of Thermally Processed Meat Containing Carcinogenic Compounds (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines) versus a Risk of Some Cancers in Humans and the Possibility of Reducing Their Formation by Natural Food Additives—A Literature Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084781