Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Swedish Adolescents’ Mental Health, Psychosocial Functioning, Risk Behaviours, and Victimisation: Gender Differences and Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedure
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. COVID Impact
2.3.2. Changes in Adolescents’ Behaviours during COVID-19
- (a)
- Risk behaviours, including the following: (1) consuming alcohol; (2) getting intoxicated by alcohol; (3) smoking cigarettes; (4) illicit drug use, including prescription drugs used for reasons other than prescribed; (5) arguing/fighting with a parent or parents; and (6) staying outside or being in the city without parents’ knowledge. Cronbach’s alpha for the risk behaviours in the present study was 0.69;
- (b)
- Norm-breaking behaviours, consisting of the following: (1) stealing from shops, people, or from own or someone else’s home and (2) harassing someone on the internet using written language or uploaded pictures and/or videos;
- (c)
- Salutogenic approaches, incorporating the following: (1) having the opportunity to be in control over one’s daily life, (2) keeping up with school projects and/or work, (3) spending time doing things that one did not have time to do before, (4) working out or exercising, (5) being outside and (for example) taking walks, (6) spending time with family and taking part in fun activities, (7) staying in contact with relatives and friends over the phone/internet, (8) staying connected with friends through social media or video games, and (9) meeting up with friends in real life. Cronbach’s alpha for the salutogenic approaches in the present study was 0.60.
2.3.3. Changes in Adolescents’ Mental Health
2.3.4. Changes in Adolescents’ Victimisation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Swedish Adolescents
3.2. Changes in Swedish Adolescents’ Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.3. Changes in Swedish Adolescents’ Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic
3.4. Changes in Experiencing Victimisation during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Discussion
4.1. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents’ Everyday Lives
4.2. Changes in Psychosocial Functioning during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.3. Adolescents and Family Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.4. Changes in Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.5. Risk Behaviours before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.6. The Frequency of Victimisation before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
7. Practical Implications and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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“I Didn’t Do It before and Haven’t Started during or after COVID-19” | Odds Ratio for Adolescent Men of Having Certain Defined Behaviours in Comparison to Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women % | Men % | p | OR | CI Lower/Upper | ||
Risk behaviours | Smoking cigarettes | 82.10 | 80.10 | 0.33 | 1.08 | 0.93/1.26 |
Consuming alcohol | 41.00 | 43.40 | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.83/1.073 | |
Getting intoxicated by alcohol | 50.20 | 49.50 | 0.78 | 1.02 | 0.90/1.15 | |
Illicit drug use, including the use of prescription drugs for reasons other than prescribed | 92.70 | 87.20 | <0.001 | 1.41 | 1.19/1.66 | |
Staying outside/being in the city without parents’ knowledge | 53.50 | 44.50 | <0.001 | 1.25 | 1.1/1.42 | |
Arguing/fighting with a parent or parents | 20.80 | 31.10 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.65/0.84 | |
Norm-breaking behaviours | Stealing from shops/people or from own or someone else’s home | 92.70 | 91.40 | 0.35 | 1.11 | 0.90/1.37 |
Harassing someone on the internet using written language or uploaded pictures and/or videos | 98.00 | 96.10 | 0.025 | 1.43 | 1.09/1.88 | |
Salutogenic approach | Spending time with family and taking part in fun activities | 3.80 | 3.80 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.72/1.38 |
Spending time doing things that one did not have time to do before | 4.90 | 3.90 | 0.39 | 1.16 | 0.82/1.63 | |
Keeping up with school projects and/or work | 1.90 | 2.40 | 0.53 | 0.88 | 0.59/1.30 | |
Having the opportunity to be in control over one’s daily life | 2.00 | 1.70 | 0.70 | 1.10 | 0.67/1.81 | |
Working out or exercising | 11.70 | 13.40 | 0.36 | 0.91 | 0.76/1.10 | |
Being outside and taking walks (for example) | 2.60 | 6.10 | 0.002 | 0.64 | 0.51/0.81 | |
Staying in contact with relatives and friends over the phone/internet | 3.20 | 6.80 | 0.003 | 0.66 | 0.53/0.84 | |
Meeting up with friends in real life | 1.60 | 4.20 | 0.002 | 0.61 | 0.48/0.78 | |
Staying connected with friends through social media or video games | 14.40 | 8.10 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.18/2.09 |
Change | No Change | p between Genders | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women % | Men % | Women % | Men % | |||
Risk behaviours | Smoking cigarettes | 14.70 | 15.70 | 85.30 | 84.30 | 0.6 |
Consuming alcohol | 40.90 | 41.20 | 59.10 | 58.80 | 0.91 | |
Getting intoxicated by alcohol | 37.10 | 38.90 | 62.90 | 61.10 | 0.47 | |
Illicit drug use, including the use of prescription drugs for reasons other than prescribed | 5.80 | 11.20 | 94.20 | 88.80 | <0.001 | |
Staying outside/being in the city without the parent’s knowledge | 24.80 | 26.70 | 75.20 | 73.30 | 0.41 | |
Arguing/fighting with a parent or parents | 43.20 | 33.30 | 56.80 | 66.70 | <0.001 | |
Norm- breaking behaviours | Stealing from shops/people or from your own or someone else’s home | 5.40 | 5.30 | 94.60 | 94.70 | 0.89 |
Harassing someone on the internet using written language or uploaded pictures and/or videos | 0.70 | 1.30 | 99.30 | 98.70 | 0.27 | |
Salutogenic approach | Spending time with family and taking part in fun activities | 66.80 | 58.80 | 33.20 | 41.20 | <0.001 |
Spending time doing things that one did not have time to do before | 54.30 | 50.60 | 45.70 | 49.40 | 0.15 | |
Keeping up with school projects and/or work | 68.40 | 66.90 | 31.60 | 33.10 | 0.54 | |
Having the opportunity to be in control over one’s daily life | 69.90 | 63.30 | 30.40 | 36.70 | 0.01 | |
Working out or exercising | 68.30 | 68.30 | 31.70 | 31.70 | 0.98 | |
Being outside and taking walks (for example) | 70.40 | 71.30 | 29.60 | 28.70 | 0.71 | |
Staying in contact with relatives and friends over the phone/internet | 63.10 | 58.50 | 36.90 | 41.50 | 0.07 | |
Meeting up with friends in real life | 80.60 | 75.60 | 19.40 | 24.40 | 0.019 | |
Staying connected with friends through social media or video games | 45.40 | 58.40 | 54.60 | 41.60 | 0.001 |
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Johansson, C.; Hedman Ahlström, B.; Barac, M.; Berglund, T.; Bador, K.; Kerekes, N. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Swedish Adolescents’ Mental Health, Psychosocial Functioning, Risk Behaviours, and Victimisation: Gender Differences and Implications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050604
Johansson C, Hedman Ahlström B, Barac M, Berglund T, Bador K, Kerekes N. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Swedish Adolescents’ Mental Health, Psychosocial Functioning, Risk Behaviours, and Victimisation: Gender Differences and Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(5):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050604
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohansson, Catrin, Britt Hedman Ahlström, Marijana Barac, Therese Berglund, Kourosh Bador, and Nóra Kerekes. 2024. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Swedish Adolescents’ Mental Health, Psychosocial Functioning, Risk Behaviours, and Victimisation: Gender Differences and Implications" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 5: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050604