Battery Dimensioning and Life Cycle Costs Analysis for a Heavy-Duty Truck Considering the Requirements of Long-Haul Transportation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Requirements and Restrictions of Long-Haul Transportation
2.2. Modeling of Battery Electric Truck
2.3. Parameterization of the Truck Simulation Model
2.4. Dimensioning of the Traction Battery Capacity
2.5. Definition of Transportation Scenarios
2.6. Determination of Life Cycle Costs for Battery Electric Truck and Diesel Truck
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Transportation Scenarios
3.2. Integration of Traction Battery
3.3. Dimensioning and Cost Analysis of the Charging Infrastructure
3.4. Life Cycle Costs for Battery Electric Truck and Diesel Truck
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | Value | Source |
---|---|---|
Battery Electric Truck | ||
Vehicle Body (w/o drivetrain) | 60,000 € | [5] |
Battery with Cell 1 | 300 €/kWh | [8] and own estimation |
Battery with Cell 2 | 200 €/kWh | [8] and own estimation |
Battery Price Development | −6.7%/a | [8] |
E-Machine | 17 €/kW | [5] |
Power Electronics | 21.5 €/kW | [5] |
Electricity | ||
Electricity, net | 0.139 €/kWh | [41] |
Electricity price development | 3.7%/a | [42] |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Charging Infrastructure | |
Power Electronics (Fast Charging Station) | 149,000 € |
Power Electronics (Slow Charging Station) | 9800 € |
Coupling Connection (Fast Charging Station) | 21,000 € |
Coupling Connection (Slow Charging Station) | 1400 € |
Finishing Costs (Fast Charging Station) | 85,000 € |
Finishing Costs (Slow Charging Station) | 10,000 € |
Transformer | 45 €/kW |
Connection to Grid (assuming 1 km distance) | Fix: 259,000 €, Var: 140 €/m, Total: 399,000 € |
Contribution towards Network | 60.44 €/kW |
Lifetime Transformer | 25 a |
Lifetime Power Electronics | 12 a |
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Truck Configuration | Gross Weight | Air Drag Coefficient cw | Rolling Drag Coefficient croll |
---|---|---|---|
“low losses” | 40,000 kg | 0.48 | 0.004 |
“average losses” | 40,000 kg | 0.63 | 0.007 |
Cell Id | Cell Type | Chemistry | Nominal Capacity | Nominal Voltage | Max. Charge Current Rate | Max. Discharge Current Rate | Number of Cycles (15 °C, 1 C) | Assumed Battery Pack Costs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell 1 | High Energy (Pouch Bag Cell) | Li(NiMnCo)O2 | 10 Ah | 3.6 V | 2 C | 5 C | 7400 Cycles | 300 €/kWh |
Cell 2 | High Energy (18650 Cell) | Li(NiMnCo)O2 | 2.15 Ah | 3.6 V | 1 C | 5 C | 500 Cycles | 200 €/kWh |
Transportation Scenario | Daily Route Length | Highway Sections | Payload |
---|---|---|---|
“average route” | 723 km | A6, A9, A10, A11 | 17.5 t |
“heavy route” | 689 km | A8, A65, A8, A1 | 17.5 t |
Scenario Nr. | Transportation Scenario | Truck Configuration | Drivetrain | Cell Id | Battery Capacity | Truck Payload |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | “average route” | “low losses” | Electric | Cell 1 | 600 kWh | 17.5 t |
2 | “average route” | “low losses” | Electric | Cell 2 | 600 kWh | 17.5 t |
3 | “average route” | “average losses” | Electric | Cell 1 | 825 kWh | 17.5 t |
4 | “average route” | “average losses” | Electric | Cell 2 | 825 kWh | 17.5 t |
5 | “heavy route” | “low losses” | Electric | Cell 1 | 825 kWh | 17.5 t |
6 | “heavy route” | “low losses” | Electric | Cell 2 | 825 kWh | 17.5 t |
7 | “heavy route” | “average losses” | Electric | Cell 1 | 900 kWh | 17.5 t |
8 | “heavy route” | “average losses” | Electric | Cell 2 | 900 kWh | 17.5 t |
9 | “average route” | “low losses” | Diesel | - | - | 17.5 t |
10 | “heavy route” | “average losses” | Diesel | - | - | 17.5 t |
Fast Charging Stations | Slow Charging Stations | |
---|---|---|
Charging power Pcha per truck | 880 kW | 50 kW |
Number of simultaneous charging events ncha | 6 | 28 |
Required total grid connection power Prest area | 7175 kW |
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Mareev, I.; Becker, J.; Sauer, D.U. Battery Dimensioning and Life Cycle Costs Analysis for a Heavy-Duty Truck Considering the Requirements of Long-Haul Transportation. Energies 2018, 11, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010055
Mareev I, Becker J, Sauer DU. Battery Dimensioning and Life Cycle Costs Analysis for a Heavy-Duty Truck Considering the Requirements of Long-Haul Transportation. Energies. 2018; 11(1):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010055
Chicago/Turabian StyleMareev, Ivan, Jan Becker, and Dirk Uwe Sauer. 2018. "Battery Dimensioning and Life Cycle Costs Analysis for a Heavy-Duty Truck Considering the Requirements of Long-Haul Transportation" Energies 11, no. 1: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010055