An Energy Preservation Index for Evaluating the Rockburst Potential Based on Energy Evolution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Strain Energy Calculation of One Cycle
3. Test Materials and Methods
3.1. Specimen Preparation
3.2. Experimental Instrument and Method
4. Experimental Results and Analysis
4.1. Stress–Strain Curves Characteristics
4.2. Energy Evolution Characteristics
4.3. The Energy Preservation Index
5. Analysis of Rockburst Based on
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lithology | Specimen Number | Diameter/mm | Height/mm | Weight/g | Longitudinal Wave Speed/Km·s−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red sandstone | S1 | 49.49 | 100.33 | 474.56 | 2.358 |
S2 | 49.35 | 100.38 | 481.47 | 2.632 | |
S3 | 49.70 | 100.22 | 475.53 | 2.315 | |
Gypsum | G1 | 49.32 | 100.20 | 439.99 | 4.808 |
G2 | 49.30 | 100.30 | 434.33 | 4.032 | |
G3 | 49.33 | 100.10 | 438.22 | 4.630 | |
Granite | g1 | 50.00 | 100.30 | 510.31 | 3.676 |
g2 | 49.70 | 100.16 | 506.56 | 3.731 | |
g3 | 49.90 | 100.23 | 508.49 | 3.676 | |
Coal | C1 | 49.30 | 100.00 | 231.52 | 1.852 |
C2 | 49.16 | 99.60 | 232.64 | 1.838 | |
C3 | 49.19 | 99.74 | 235.55 | 1.880 | |
High-water material | H1 | 49.42 | 98.64 | 238.55 | 1.724 |
H2 | 47.90 | 96.72 | 236.55 | 1.724 | |
H3 | 48.30 | 98.22 | 237.64 | 1.761 |
Lithology | Red Sandstone | Gypsum | Granite | Coal | High-Water Material |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UCS/M Pa | 60 | 25 | 120 | 15 | 6 |
Loading step/KN | 4.00 | 1.5 | 8 | 1 | 0.5 |
Loading rate/(KN/s) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Rock Type | Granite | Red Sandstone | Coal | Gypsum | High-Water Material |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total input energy (MJ/mm3) | 0.461 | 0.297 | 0.0286 | 0.0426 | 0.0172 |
Elastic energy (MJ/mm3) | 0.393 | 0.256 | 0.0267 | 0.0319 | 0.0073 |
Accumulative dissipated energy (MJ/mm3) | 0.409 | 0.659 | 0.0242 | 0.0969 | 0.0369 |
Rock Type | Granite | Red Sandstone | Coal | Gypsum | High-Water Material |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.94 | 7.42 | 15.17 | 5.36 | 9.393 | |
15.58 | 6.33 | 13.99 | 2.96 | 0.703 | |
(%) | 97.8 | 85.4 | 92.2 | 55.4 | 7.6 |
Rock Type | Granite | Coal | Red Sandstone | Gypsum | High-Water Material |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step amplitude at failure | 1.57 × 105 | 8.34 × 104 | 1.94 × 104 | 1.15 × 103 | 4.93 × 103 |
Failure duration (s) | 0.5 | 1 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 8 |
Released energy per unit time | 3.14 × 105 | 8.34 × 104 | 2.43 × 104 | 7.67 × 102 | 6.16 × 102 |
Rock Type | AE Energy | Failure Mode | Rockburst Proneness | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Granite | Great | Numerous fragments | 0.978 | High |
Coal | Relatively great | Numerous fragments | 0.922 | Relatively high |
Red sandstone | Relatively great | Numerous fragments | 0.854 | Relatively high |
Gypsum | Minor | A macroscopic | 0.554 | Low |
High-water material | Minimum | Small cracks | 0.076 | No |
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Gao, L.; Gao, F.; Xing, Y.; Zhang, Z. An Energy Preservation Index for Evaluating the Rockburst Potential Based on Energy Evolution. Energies 2020, 13, 3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143636
Gao L, Gao F, Xing Y, Zhang Z. An Energy Preservation Index for Evaluating the Rockburst Potential Based on Energy Evolution. Energies. 2020; 13(14):3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143636
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Lin, Feng Gao, Yan Xing, and Zhizhen Zhang. 2020. "An Energy Preservation Index for Evaluating the Rockburst Potential Based on Energy Evolution" Energies 13, no. 14: 3636. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143636