Estimation Method of Short-Circuit Current Contribution of Inverter-Based Resources for Symmetrical Faults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The change in the fault current level, whose value is applied to adjust the coordination time interval (CTI) between adjacent overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs);
- The coordination loss, highlighting the blind protection, sympathetic tripping and fuse protection philosophy (fuse-blow and fuse-saving);
- The change in the load current, whose value is used to adjust the sensitivity of the OCPDs.
2. Estimating the Short-Circuit Current Contribution for Symmetrical Faults
2.1. Distribution Feeder without Lateral Branches
2.2. Distribution Feeder with Lateral Branches
2.2.1. Fault without IBRs
2.2.2. Fault with IBRs
2.2.3. Feeder Dominated by IBRs
2.3. A General Equation
- The substation;
- The IBRs located upstream seen from the perspective of the OCPD;
- The IBRs located downstream seen from the perspective of the OCPD.
3. Sensitivity Analysis of the General Equations
3.1. OCPD Installed on Main Fault Trunk
3.1.1. Upstream IBRs
3.1.2. Downstream IBRs
3.2. OCPD Installed on a Lateral of the Main Fault Trunk
3.3. Intermediate Remarks
- The OCPD may be affected by the minimum fault at the end of the lateral;
- The reverse fault current through the OCPD may be greater than in the case without IBRs;
- The load current can be greater than in the case without IBRs.
4. Protection Coordination in Distribution Networks Dominated by IBRs
4.1. Classical Protection Coordination
4.2. Changing the Slope of the Characteristic Curves
4.3. Adjustment of TMS
5. Case Study
5.1. Overcurrent Protection for IEEE 34-Node Radial Test Feeder
5.1.1. Placing the OCPDs
5.1.2. Fuse Settings
5.1.3. Relay Settings
5.2. Estimation of the Short-Circuit Current Contribution
5.2.1. IBRs on the Main Fault Trunk
- IBR upstream R1 (right before)—Case 1;
- IBR between R1 and R2 (righ after R1)—Case 2;
- IBR between R1 and R2 (right before R2)—Case 3;
- IBR downstream R2 (right after)—Case 4.
5.2.2. IBRs on Lateral
- IBR right after fuse FS8—Case Begin;
- IBR at node 848—Case End.
5.3. Impacts on the Actual Phase Protection Coordination Scheme
5.4. Changing the Actual Phase Protection Scheme
5.5. Assertiveness of the New Phase Protection Scheme
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
3LG | Three-phase line-to-ground |
ACSR | Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced |
CTI | Coordination time interval |
CSI | Current source inverter |
DERs | Distributed energy resources |
DN | Distribution network |
DNO | Distribution network operator |
EI | Extreme inverse |
FS | Fuse |
IBRs | Inverter-based resources |
MFT | Main fault trunk |
OCPDs | Overcurrent protection devices |
PCC | Point of common coupling |
PL | Penetration level |
PV | Photovoltaic |
SCC | Short-circuit current |
TMS | Time multiplies settings |
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Max. Load Current (A) | Min. Line-to-Ground Fault (A) | Fuse Link | |
---|---|---|---|
FS1 | 1.22 | 298.00 | 6 K |
FS2 | 13.02 | 135.30 | 25 K |
FS3 | 10.62 | 135.30 | 15 K |
FS4 | 3.10 | 190.40 | 6 K |
FS5 | 0.31 | 148.00 | 6 K |
FS6 | 11.70 | 94.00 | 20 K |
FS7 | 0.14 | 139.40 | 6 K |
FS8 | 16.30 | 133.60 | 25 K |
FS9 | 2.09 | 131.40 | 6 K |
Max. Load Current (A) | Max. Three Phase Fault (A) | Max. Double Phase Fault (A) | Max. Single Phase Fault (A) | Min. Three Phase Fault (A) | Min. Double Phase Fault (A) | Min. Single Phase Fault (A) | Neutral Current (A) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 51.56 | 627.3 | 543.3 | 655.2 | 439.9 | 471.7 | 135.3 | 11.13 |
R2 | 37.77 | 292.8 | 253.8 | 235.4 | 221.0 | 216.3 | 131.4 | 4.55 |
Phase Protection | Earth Protection | ||
---|---|---|---|
R1 | Pickup (A) | 90 | 40 |
Curve – IEC 60255 | EI | EI | |
TMS | 0.09 | 0.34 | |
R2 | Pickup (A) | 75 | 30 |
Curve – IEC 60255 | EI | EI | |
TMS | 0.07 | 0.38 |
A | B | Fault (A) 3LG | A Tripping Time (ms) | B Tripping Time (ms) | CTI (ms) (A–B) | Fault (A) 2L | A Tripping Time (ms) | B Tripping Time (ms) | CTI (ms) (A–B) | ||
R1 | R2 | Max. | 292.8 | 751.2 | 393.2 | 358.0 | Max. | 253.8 | 1035.6 | 535.8 | 499.8 |
Min. | 221.0 | 1431.5 | 728.9 | 702.6 | Min. | 216.3 | 1507.5 | 765.3 | 742.2 | ||
R2 | FS8 | Max. | 203.4 | 881.2 | 433.7 | 447.5 | Max. | 175.0 | 1260.0 | 588.1 | 671.9 |
Min. | 159.3 | 1594.8 | 714.0 | 880.8 | Min. | 152.8 | 1777.4 | 779.7 | 997.6 | ||
A | B | Fault (A) LG (start) | A Tripping Time (ms) | B Tripping Time (ms) | CTI (ms) (A–B) | Fault (A) LG (end) | A Tripping Time (ms) | B Tripping Time (ms) | CTI (ms) (A–B) | ||
R1 | R2 | Max. | 235.4 | 808.7 | 501.9 | 306.8 | Max. | 150.7 | 2061.5 | 1254.4 | 807.1 |
Min. | 194.0 | 1207.7 | 744.8 | 462.9 | Min. | 131.4 | 2778.0 | 1671.8 | 1106.2 | ||
FS2 | Max. | 254.9 | 686.7 | 278.3 | 408.4 | Max. | 157.3 | 1880.5 | 731.6 | 1148.8 | |
Min. | 207.9 | 1045.6 | 416.3 | 629.3 | Min. | 135.3 | 2605.0 | 1020.1 | 1584.9 | ||
R2 | FS8 | Max. | 158.3 | 1132.5 | 722.8 | 409.7 | Max. | 154.0 | 1199.2 | 765.7 | 433.4 |
Min. | 137.0 | 1531.1 | 992.0 | 539.1 | Min. | 133.6 | 1614.3 | 1048.1 | 566.1 |
Error (%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PL | Case | Method | Simulink | Method | Simulink | Method/ | ||||||
Current | Current | Current | Current | Simulink | ||||||||
(A) | % | (A) | % | (A) | % | (A) | % | |||||
0% | R1 | 199.91 | - | 197.66 | - | 164.41 | - | 164.42 | - | 1.1% | 0.0% | |
R2 | 199.91 | - | 195.20 | - | 164.41 | - | 161.08 | - | 2.4% | 2.1% | ||
25% | 1 | R1 | 200.36 | 0.2% | 199.67 | 1.0% | 164.79 | 0.2% | 166.38 | 1.2% | 0.3% | −1.0% |
R2 | 200.36 | 0.2% | 196.64 | 0.7% | 164.79 | 0.2% | 162.46 | 0.9% | 1.9% | 1.4% | ||
2 | R1 | 191.53 | −4.2% | 189.23 | −4.3% | 154.71 | −5.9% | 155.38 | −5.5% | 1.2% | −0.4% | |
R2 | 200.36 | 0.2% | 196.64 | 0.7% | 164.79 | 0.2% | 162.46 | 0.9% | 1.9% | 1.4% | ||
3 | R1 | 195.86 | −2.0% | 194.16 | −1.8% | 158.27 | −3.7% | 159.23 | −3.2% | 0.9% | −0.6% | |
R2 | 204.83 | 2.5% | 202.37 | 3.7% | 168.46 | 2.5% | 167.10 | 3.7% | 1.2% | 0.8% | ||
4 | R1 | 195.86 | −2.0% | 194.16 | −1.8% | 158.27 | −3.7% | 159.23 | −3.2% | 0.9% | −0.6% | |
R2 | 195.86 | −2.0% | 191.09 | −2.1% | 158.27 | −3.7% | 155.25 | −3.6% | 2.5% | 1.9% | ||
50% | 1 | R1 | 200.87 | 0.5% | 200.77 | 1.6% | 165.21 | 0.5% | 167.22 | 1.7% | 0.0% | −1.2% |
R2 | 200.87 | 0.5% | 197.73 | 1.3% | 165.21 | 0.5% | 163.28 | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.2% | ||
2 | R1 | 183.30 | −8.3% | 180.13 | −8.9% | 145.14 | −11.7% | 145.51 | −11.5% | 1.8% | −0.3% | |
R2 | 200.87 | 0.5% | 197.73 | 1.3% | 165.21 | 0.5% | 163.28 | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.2% | ||
3 | R1 | 191.84 | −4.0% | 189.85 | −4.0% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 152.97 | −7.0% | 1.0% | −0.5% | |
R2 | 209.94 | 5.0% | 209.11 | 7.1% | 172.66 | 5.0% | 172.53 | 7.1% | 0.4% | 0.1% | ||
4 | R1 | 191.84 | −4.0% | 189.85 | −4.0% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 152.97 | −7.0% | 1.0% | −0.5% | |
R2 | 191.84 | −4.0% | 186.71 | −4.3% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 148.90 | −7.6% | 2.7% | 2.2% | ||
75% | 1 | R1 | 201.44 | 0.8% | 201.82 | 2.1% | 165.67 | 0.8% | 168.02 | 2.2% | −0.2% | −1.4% |
R2 | 201.44 | 0.8% | 198.76 | 1.8% | 165.67 | 0.8% | 164.06 | 1.9% | 1.3% | 1.0% | ||
2 | R1 | 175.24 | −12.3% | 171.24 | −13.4% | 135.72 | −17.5% | 135.88 | −17.4% | 2.3% | −0.1% | |
R2 | 201.44 | 0.8% | 198.76 | 1.8% | 165.67 | 0.8% | 164.06 | 1.9% | 1.3% | 1.0% | ||
3 | R1 | 187.83 | −6.0% | 185.59 | −6.1% | 146.04 | −11.2% | 146.70 | −10.8% | 1.2% | −0.4% | |
R2 | 215.24 | 7.7% | 215.70 | 10.5% | 177.02 | 7.7% | 177.88 | 10.4% | −0.2% | −0.5% | ||
4 | R1 | 187.83 | −6.0% | 185.59 | −6.1% | 146.04 | −11.2% | 146.70 | −10.8% | 1.2% | −0.4% | |
R2 | 187.83 | −6.0% | 182.40 | −6.6% | 146.04 | −11.2% | 142.56 | −11.5% | 3.0% | 2.4% | ||
100% | 1 | R1 | 202.06 | 1.1% | 202.82 | 2.6% | 166.19 | 1.1% | 168.77 | 2.6% | −0.4% | −1.5% |
R2 | 202.06 | 1.1% | 199.75 | 2.3% | 166.19 | 1.1% | 164.79 | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | ||
2 | R1 | 167.38 | −16.3% | 162.62 | −17.7% | 126.50 | −23.1% | 126.52 | −23.0% | 2.9% | 0.0% | |
R2 | 202.06 | 1.1% | 199.75 | 2.3% | 166.19 | 1.1% | 164.79 | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | ||
3 | R1 | 183.85 | −8.0% | 181.40 | −8.2% | 139.96 | −14.9% | 140.43 | −14.6% | 1.4% | −0.3% | |
R2 | 220.70 | 10.4% | 222.15 | 13.8% | 181.52 | 10.4% | 183.14 | 13.7% | −0.7% | −0.9% | ||
4 | R1 | 183.85 | −8.0% | 181.40 | −8.2% | 139.96 | −14.9% | 140.43 | −14.6% | 1.4% | −0.3% | |
R2 | 183.85 | −8.0% | 178.15 | −8.7% | 139.96 | −14.9% | 136.22 | −15.4% | 3.2% | 2.7% |
Error (%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PL | Case | Method | Simulink | Method | Simulink | Method/ | ||||||
Current | Current | Current | Current | Simulink | ||||||||
(A) | % | (A) | % | (A) | % | (A) | % | |||||
0% | R1 | 199.91 | - | 198.51 | - | 164.41 | - | 165.49 | - | 0.7% | −0.6% | |
R2 | 199.91 | - | 195.50 | - | 164.41 | - | 161.59 | - | 2.3% | 1.7% | ||
FS8 | 0.00 | - | 0.41 | - | 0.00 | - | 3.55 | - | −100.0% | −100.0% | ||
25% | Begin | R1 | 199.60 | −0.2% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 161.35 | −1.9% | 163.22 | −1.4% | 0.5% | −1.1% |
R2 | 199.60 | −0.2% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 161.35 | −1.9% | 159.27 | −1.4% | 2.1% | 1.3% | ||
FS8 | 12.31 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 12.31 | - | 9.78 | 175.2% | 2938.0% | 25.9% | ||
End | R1 | 199.60 | −0.2% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 161.35 | −1.9% | 163.22 | −1.4% | 0.5% | −1.1% | |
R2 | 199.60 | −0.2% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 161.35 | −1.9% | 159.27 | −1.4% | 2.1% | 1.3% | ||
FS8 | 12.31 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 12.31 | - | 9.77 | 175.0% | 2938.0% | 25.9% | ||
50% | Begin | R1 | 199.30 | −0.3% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 158.28 | −3.7% | 160.88 | −2.8% | 0.4% | −1.6% |
R2 | 199.30 | −0.3% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 158.28 | −3.7% | 156.87 | −2.9% | 1.9% | 0.9% | ||
FS8 | 24.61 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 24.61 | - | 21.72 | 511.3% | 5975.9% | 13.3% | ||
End | R1 | 199.30 | −0.3% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 158.28 | −3.7% | 160.86 | −2.8% | 0.4% | −1.6% | |
R2 | 199.30 | −0.3% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 158.28 | −3.7% | 156.86 | −2.9% | 1.9% | 0.9% | ||
FS8 | 24.61 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 24.61 | - | 21.71 | 510.9% | 5975.9% | 13.4% | ||
75% | Begin | R1 | 199.00 | −0.5% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 155.22 | −5.6% | 158.46 | −4.2% | 0.2% | −2.0% |
R2 | 199.00 | −0.5% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 155.22 | −5.6% | 154.41 | −4.4% | 1.8% | 0.5% | ||
FS8 | 36.92 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 36.92 | - | 33.77 | 850.5% | 9013.9% | 9.3% | ||
End | R1 | 199.00 | −0.5% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 155.22 | −5.6% | 158.42 | −4.3% | 0.2% | −2.0% | |
R2 | 199.00 | −0.5% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 155.22 | −5.6% | 154.36 | −4.5% | 1.8% | 0.6% | ||
FS8 | 36.92 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 36.92 | - | 33.75 | 849.9% | 9013.9% | 9.4% | ||
100% | Begin | R1 | 198.69 | −0.6% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 155.98 | −5.7% | 0.1% | -2.5% |
R2 | 198.69 | −0.6% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 151.87 | −6.0% | 1.6% | 0.2% | ||
FS8 | 49.22 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 49.22 | - | 45.85 | 1190.4% | 12,051.8% | 7.4% | ||
End | R1 | 198.69 | −0.6% | 198.51 | 0.0% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 155.90 | −5.8% | 0.1% | −2.4% | |
R2 | 198.69 | −0.6% | 195.50 | 0.0% | 152.15 | −7.5% | 151.79 | −6.1% | 1.6% | 0.2% | ||
FS8 | 49.22 | - | 0.41 | 0.0% | 49.22 | - | 45.82 | 1189.6% | 12,051.8% | 7.4% |
IBR SCC | Case | R1 (A) | R2 (A) | R1 (ms) | R2 (ms) | Δt (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 pu | - | 303.91 | 303.91 | 692 | 363 | 329 |
1.2 pu | 1 | 307.18 | 307.18 | 676 | 355 | 321 |
2 | 277.86 | 307.18 | 844 | 355 | 489 | |
3 | 300.63 | 332.07 | 709 | 301 | 408 | |
4 | 300.63 | 300.63 | 709 | 372 | 337 | |
2.0 pu | 1 | 310.91 | 310.91 | 659 | 346 | 313 |
2 | 261.33 | 310.91 | 969 | 346 | 623 | |
3 | 298.45 | 352.93 | 720 | 265 | 455 | |
4 | 298.45 | 298.45 | 720 | 377 | 343 |
IBR SCC | Case | R1 (A) | R2 (A) | FS8 (A) | R1 Trip (ms) | R2 Trip (ms) | FS8 Trip (ms) | Δt (R1-R2) (ms) | Δt (R2-FS8) (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 pu | - | 199.68 | 199.68 | 199.68 | 1836 | 920 | 448 | 916 | 472 |
1.2 pu | 1 | 201.83 | 201.83 | 201.83 | 1787 | 897 | 439 | 890 | 458 |
2 | 167.14 | 201.83 | 201.83 | 2940 | 897 | 439 | 2043 | 458 | |
3 | 183.59 | 220.45 | 220.45 | 2278 | 733 | 368 | 1545 | 365 | |
4 | 183.59 | 183.59 | 220.45 | 2278 | 1122 | 368 | 1156 | 754 | |
5 | 198.41 | 198.41 | 236.29 | 1865 | 934 | 321 | 932 | 613 | |
6 | 198.41 | 198.41 | 198.41 | 1865 | 934 | 455 | 932 | 479 | |
2.0 pu | 1 | 203.77 | 203.77 | 203.77 | 1745 | 878 | 432 | 867 | 446 |
2 | 147.37 | 203.77 | 203.77 | 4283 | 878 | 432 | 3405 | 446 | |
3 | 173.10 | 235.75 | 235.75 | 2667 | 631 | 322 | 2037 | 309 | |
4 | 173.10 | 173.10 | 235.75 | 2667 | 1294 | 322 | 1373 | 972 | |
5 | 197.56 | 197.56 | 262.71 | 1885 | 943 | 263 | 942 | 680 | |
6 | 197.57 | 197.57 | 197.57 | 1885 | 943 | 459 | 942 | 484 |
IBR with SCC of 1.2 pu | IBR with SCC of 2.0 pu | ||
---|---|---|---|
R1 | Pickup (A) | 90 | 90 |
Curve-IEC 60255 | EI | EI | |
TMS | 0.10 | 0.11 | |
R2 | Pickup (A) | 75 | 75 |
Curve-IEC 60255 | EI | EI | |
TMS | 0.08 | 0.09 |
IBR SCC | A | B | Fault (A) 3LG | A Trip (ms) | B Trip (ms) | A-B (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.2 pu | R1 | R2 | 307.18 | 751 | 406 | 346 |
R2 | FS8 | 220.45 | 838 | 368 | 470 | |
2.0 pu | R1 | R2 | 310.91 | 805 | 445 | 360 |
R2 | FS8 | 235.75 | 811 | 322 | 489 |
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Vargas, M.C.; Batista, O.E.; Yang, Y. Estimation Method of Short-Circuit Current Contribution of Inverter-Based Resources for Symmetrical Faults. Energies 2023, 16, 3130. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073130
Vargas MC, Batista OE, Yang Y. Estimation Method of Short-Circuit Current Contribution of Inverter-Based Resources for Symmetrical Faults. Energies. 2023; 16(7):3130. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073130
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas, Murillo Cobe, Oureste Elias Batista, and Yongheng Yang. 2023. "Estimation Method of Short-Circuit Current Contribution of Inverter-Based Resources for Symmetrical Faults" Energies 16, no. 7: 3130. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073130