Environmental Assessment of a Waste-to-Energy Cascading System Integrating Forestry Residue Pyrolysis and Poultry Litter Anaerobic Digestion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Goal and Scope
2.2. Inventory
2.3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
2.4. Scenario Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions, Outlooks, and Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | anaerobic digestion |
BS | baseline scenario |
CAN | calcium ammonium nitrate |
CC | climate change |
CHP | combined heat and power |
CLT | Cut-to-Length |
FD | fossil depletion |
FE | freshwater eutrophication |
GJ | gigajoule |
HFO | heavy fuel oil |
km | kilometre |
kWh | kilowatt hour |
LCA | life cycle assessment |
LCI | life cycle inventory |
m | metre |
MWh | megawatt hour |
OFMSW | organic fraction of municipal solid waste |
PLT | poultry litter |
PR | pyrolysis |
RHI | renewable heat incentive |
S | scenario |
t | tonne |
TA | terrestrial acidification |
TS | total solid |
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Scenario (S) | Cultivation and Harvesting of Forest Residue | PR | AD | Litter Spreading | Irish Grid Electricity | Natural Gas | Peat Moss | Fertiliser | HFO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Displaced Processes | |||||||||
BS | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | X |
S1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ |
S2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ |
S3 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ |
S4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ |
S5 | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ |
S6 | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Inputs | Units | BS | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forestry residues (dry) | t | 23,010.11 | 23,010.11 | 23,010.11 | 23,010.11 | 23,010.11 | 23,010.11 | 23,010.11 |
Energy (PR) | MWh | 56.28 | 56.28 | 56.28 | 56.28 | 56.28 | 56.28 | 56.28 |
Heat (PR) | GJ | 2.48 × 105 | 2.48 × 105 | 2.48 × 105 | 2.48 × 105 | 2.48 × 105 | 2.48 × 105 | 2.48 × 105 |
PL-transported | t | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 |
Calcium ammonium nitrate | t | 190,000 | 190,000 | 190,000 | 190,000 | 190,000 | 190,000 | 190,000 |
Electricity (AD) | kWh | 1.40 × 106 | 1.40 × 106 | 1.40 × 106 | 1.40 × 106 | 1.40 × 106 | 1.40 × 106 | 1.40 × 106 |
AD plant | item(s) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ammonia stripper | t | 750 | 750 | 925.56 | 1087.55 | 750 | 925.56 | 1087.55 |
PL transport, litter, lorry | t | 1.00 × 106 | 1.00 × 106 | 1.00 × 106 | 1.00 × 106 | 1.00 × 106 | 1.00 × 106 | 1.00 × 106 |
transport, solid, lorry | t × km | - | 1,530,000 | 1,942,920 | 2,145,880 | 1,530,000 | 1,942,920 | 2,145,880 |
transport, biochar, lorry a | t × km | 242,500 | 242,500 | 242,500 | 242,500 | 242,500 | 242,500 | 242,500 |
CHP unit | item(s) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Electricity (biogas upgrading) | GJ | - | - | - | - | 1524.61 | 1524.61 | 1524.61 |
Tap water (biogas upgrading) | t | - | - | - | - | 255.42 | 255.42 | 255.42 |
Outputs | ||||||||
Bio-syngas | m3 | 10,191.34 | 10,191.34 | 10,191.34 | 10,191.34 | 10,191.34 | 10,191.34 | 10,191.34 |
Bio-oil | t | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 |
Biomethane b | m3 | 3,080,000 | 3,080,000 | 4,276,225 | 5,662,504 | 3,080,000 | 4,276,225 | 5,662,504 |
Electricity (avoided) | GJ | - | 33,825.61 | 33,825.61 | 33,825.61 | - | - | - |
Heat (avoided) | GJ | - | - | - | - | 99,792.45 | 99,792.45 | 99,792.45 |
Ammonium sulphate (avoided) | t | - | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.50 |
Peat moss (avoided) | m3 | - | 38,250 | 48,573 | 53,674 | 38,250 | 48,573 | 53,674 |
Heavy fuel oil (avoided) | t | - | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 | 1853.72 |
Methane to air (fugitive) | t | 50.74 | 50.74 | 67.45 | 90.28 | 50.74 | 67.45 | 90.28 |
NH3 litter (avoided) | t | 82.40 | 82.40 | 82.40 | 82.40 | 82.40 | 82.40 | 82.40 |
NH3 (digestate storage) | t | 2.31 | 2.31 | 3.02 | 4.06 | 2.31 | 3.02 | 4.06 |
N2O (digestate storage) | t | 9.43 × 10−2 | 9.43 × 10−2 | 1.31 × 10−1 | 1.73 × 10−1 | 9.43 × 10−2 | 1.31 × 10−1 | 1.73 × 10−1 |
N2O (CHP) | t | 1.40 × 10−4 | 1.40 × 10−4 | 1.94 × 10−4 | 2.57 × 10−4 | - | - | - |
NOx (CHP) | t | 1.73 × 10−2 | 1.73 × 10−2 | 2.40 × 10−2 | 3.18 × 10−2 | - | - | - |
Impact Category | Flow | Factor | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Climate change (CC) | CO2 | 1 | kg CO2-eq/kg |
CH4 | 25 | kg CO2-eq/kg | |
N20 | 298 | kg CO2-eq/kg | |
Freshwater eutrophication (FE) | P | 1 | kg P-eq/kg |
PO4 | 0.33 | kg P-eq/kg | |
H3PO4 | 0.32 | kg P-eq/kg | |
Terrestrial acidification (TA) | SO2 | 1 | kg SO2-eq/kg |
NOx | 0.56 | kg SO2-eq/kg | |
NH3 | 2.45 | kg SO2-eq/kg | |
Fossil depletion (FD) | Crude oil | 1 | kg oil-eq/kg |
Natural gas | 1.11 | kg oil-eq/m3 | |
Mine gas | 1.07 | kg oil-eq/m3 | |
Hard coal | 0.434 | kg oil-eq/kg | |
Brown coal | 0.225 | kg oil-eq/kg |
Impact Category | BS | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 2.05 × 107 | 9.31 × 106 (54.55%) | 6.64 × 106 (67.61%) | 3.54 × 106 (82.75%) | −2.08 × 106 (110.15%) | −9.18 × 106 (144.80%) | −1.74 × 107 (184.96%) |
TA | −1.68 × 105 | −2.37 × 105 (29.09%) | −2.53 × 105 (33.60%) | −2.72 × 105 (38.15%) | −1.88 × 105 (10.80%) | −1.86 × 105 (9.42%) | −1.86 × 105 (9.62%) |
FE | 1.02 × 103 | −6.74 × 102 (165.87%) | −1.31 × 103 (227.53%) | −2.04 × 103 (299.00%) | 9.70 × 102 (5.27%) | 9.79 × 102 (4.32%) | 9.93 × 102 (2.96%) |
FD | 7.54 × 106 | 5.26 × 106 (30.24%) | 4.65 × 106 (38.27%) | 3.95 × 106 (47.57%) | −3.84 × 106 (105.09%) | −3.09 × 106 (141.01%) | −6.24 × 106 (182.84%) |
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Mediboyina, M.K.; Murphy, F. Environmental Assessment of a Waste-to-Energy Cascading System Integrating Forestry Residue Pyrolysis and Poultry Litter Anaerobic Digestion. Energies 2024, 17, 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071511
Mediboyina MK, Murphy F. Environmental Assessment of a Waste-to-Energy Cascading System Integrating Forestry Residue Pyrolysis and Poultry Litter Anaerobic Digestion. Energies. 2024; 17(7):1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071511
Chicago/Turabian StyleMediboyina, Maneesh Kumar, and Fionnuala Murphy. 2024. "Environmental Assessment of a Waste-to-Energy Cascading System Integrating Forestry Residue Pyrolysis and Poultry Litter Anaerobic Digestion" Energies 17, no. 7: 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071511