Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Non-Hospitalized Individuals: Healthcare Situation 2 Years after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Study Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Definition of PCS
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. COVID-19 Symptoms
3.3. Healthcare Utilization
3.4. Experiences with PCS Healthcare
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 304) | PCS * Yes (n = 210) | PCS * No (n = 94) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | p-Value | |
Sex | 0.0904 | ||||||
Male | 127 | 41.8 | 81 | 38.6 | 46 | 48.9 | |
Female | 177 | 58.2 | 129 | 61.4 | 48 | 51.0 | |
Age (median IQR) | 53.5 | 41; 61 | 52.0 | 40; 59 | 52.0 | 39; 60 | 0.3455 |
Education | 0.6278 | ||||||
≤9 years | 52 | 17.1 | 40 | 19.1 | 18 | 19.1 | |
>9 years | 252 | 82.9 | 170 | 80.9 | 76 | 80.9 | |
Living alone, yes | 69 | 23.0 | 45 | 21.7 | 24 | 25.8 | 0.4388 |
Smoking | 0.2792 | ||||||
Never a smoker | 160 | 52.6 | 108 | 51.4 | 52 | 55.3 | |
Ex-smoker | 123 | 40.5 | 90 | 42.9 | 33 | 35.1 | |
Current smoker | 21 | 6.9 | 12 | 5.7 | 9 | 9.6 | |
Body Mass Index | 0.0306 | ||||||
≤30 kg/m2 | 254 | 83.6 | 169 | 80.5 | 85 | 90.4 | |
>30 kg/m2 | 50 | 16.44 | 41 | 19.55 | 9 | 9.6 | |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Hypertension | 64 | 21.1 | 41 | 19.6 | 23 | 24.5 | 0.3386 |
Diabetes | 14 | 4.6 | 11 | 5.3 | 3 | 3.2 | 0.5611 |
Myocardial infarction | 7 | 2.3 | 6 | 2.9 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.3328 |
Coronary artery disease | 16 | 5.3 | 14 | 6.7 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.1622 |
Stroke | 6 | 1.9 | 4 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.1 | 1 |
Anxiety disorder | 18 | 5.9 | 15 | 7.2 | 3 | 3.2 | 0.0560 |
Chronic bronchitis | 19 | 6.3 | 17 | 8.2 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.0771 |
Depression | 27 | 8.9 | 23 | 11.0 | 4 | 4.3 | 0.028 |
Autoimmune disorder | 28 | 9.2 | 20 | 9.6 | 8 | 8.5 | 0.8877 |
Cancer | 15 | 4.9 | 10 | 4.8 | 5 | 5.3 | 0.6259 |
Recurrent COVID-19 | 73 | 24.6 | 54 | 26.5 | 19 | 20.4 | 0.5332 |
Time between first positive PCR test and follow-up survey | 0.6679 | ||||||
>12 to ≤15 months | 8 | 2.6 | 5 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.2 | |
>15 bis ≤18 months | 13 | 4.3 | 10 | 4.8 | 3 | 3.2 | |
>18 bis ≤21 months | 74 | 24.3 | 56 | 26.7 | 18 | 19.2 | |
>21 bis ≤24 months | 52 | 17.1 | 32 | 15.2 | 20 | 21.3 | |
>24 bis ≤27 months | 62 | 20.4 | 43 | 20.5 | 19 | 20.2 | |
>27 bis ≤30 months | 94 | 30.9 | 63 | 30.0 | 31 | 33.0 | |
>30 months | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | |
Median IQR | 26 | 20.5; 27.2 | 25.9 | 20.2; 27.0; | 26.0 | 20.7; 27.2 | 0.5134 |
Min/Max | 14.1/30.2 | 14.1/30.2 | 14.2/29.8 | ||||
Post-COVID Functional Status | <0.0001 | ||||||
No limitations | 219 | 73.0 | 129 | 62.0 | 90 | 97.8 | |
Negligible limitations | 42 | 14.0 | 40 | 19.2 | 2 | 2.2 | |
Slight limitations | 29 | 9.7 | 29 | 13.9 | 0 | 0 | |
Moderate limitations | 10 | 3.3 | 10 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | |
Severe limitations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PCS Yes (n = 210) | PCS No (n = 94) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p-Value | |
Fatigue or exhaustion | 158 | 75.2 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Muscle—or joint pain | 110 | 52.4 | 17 | 18.1 | <0.0001 |
Concentration problems | 105 | 50.0 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Headache | 101 | 48.1 | 13 | 13.8 | <0.0001 |
Memory problems | 101 | 48.1 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Sleepiness | 93 | 44.3 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Sleep problems | 84 | 40.0 | 7 | 7.5 | <0.0001 |
Dyspnea on exertion | 82 | 39.1 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Flatulence | 82 | 39.1 | 12 | 12.8 | <0.0001 |
Mood swings | 78 | 37.1 | 2 | 2.1 | <0.0001 |
Rhinitis or running nose | 67 | 31.9 | 16 | 17.0 | 0.0079 |
Stuffy nose | 66 | 31.4 | 14 | 14.9 | 0.0025 |
Depressive mood | 59 | 28.1 | 2 | 2.1 | <0.0001 |
Throat pain | 57 | 27.1 | 10 | 10.6 | 0.0013 |
Palpitations | 53 | 25.2 | 2 | 2.1 | <0.0001 |
Cough | 52 | 24.8 | 17 | 18.1 | 0.199 |
Muscle stiffness | 46 | 21.9 | 4 | 4.3 | <0.0001 |
Teary eyes | 45 | 21.4 | 5 | 5.3 | 0.0003 |
Muscle weakness | 45 | 21.4 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Feelings of pins and needles in arms or legs | 45 | 21.4 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Vertigo | 44 | 21.0 | 3 | 3.2 | <0.0001 |
Impairment of smell function | 42 | 20.0 | 8 | 8.5 | 0.0125 |
Diarrhea | 38 | 18.1 | 8 | 8.5 | 0.0311 |
Swallowing pain | 37 | 17.6 | 4 | 4.3 | 0.0010 |
Heartburn | 36 | 17.1 | 9 | 9.6 | 0.0859 |
Chest pressure or pain | 36 | 17.1 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Anxiety, panic | 35 | 16.7 | 1 | 1.1 | <0.0001 |
Hair loss | 30 | 14.3 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.0009 |
Impairment of taste function | 29 | 13.8 | 6 | 6.4 | 0.0791 |
Stomach pain | 28 | 13.3 | 3 | 3.2 | 0.0068 |
Impaired vision | 28 | 13.3 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.0015 |
Problems with coordination of movements | 27 | 12.9 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Dyspnea on rest | 25 | 11.9 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
Skin rash | 19 | 9.1 | 3 | 3.2 | 0.0923 |
Loss of appetite | 19 | 9.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.0013 |
Increased temperature | 15 | 7.1 | 3 | 3.2 | 0.2916 |
Pink eyes or conjunctivitis | 13 | 6.2 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.1604 |
Nausea or vomiting | 12 | 5.7 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0716 |
Shivering | 12 | 5.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.0208 |
Fever (38.1 °C or higher) | 12 | 5.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.0208 |
Blue lips | 4 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.3151 |
Haemoptysis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Total (n = 304) | PCS Yes (n = 210) | PCS No (n = 94) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | p-Value | |
Past 4 weeks | |||||||
Hospitalization | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
COVID outpatient clinic | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Other outpatient clinic | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Counseling center | 2 | 0.7 | 2 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
General practitioner/internal medicine | 62 | 21.2 | 48 | 24.0 | 14 | 15.2 | 0.0882 |
Specialist in gastro-intestinal diseases | 6 | 2.2 | 6 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1815 |
Specialist in gynecology | 19 | 6.7 | 17 | 8.9 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.0419 |
Specialist in dermatology | 9 | 3.2 | 9 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.0613 |
Specialist in ear, nose and throat | 13 | 4.6 | 12 | 6.2 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0690 |
Specialist in cardiology | 14 | 4.9 | 12 | 6.2 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.2382 |
Specialist in neurology | 8 | 2.9 | 8 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.0584 |
Specialist in ophthalmology | 14 | 5.0 | 13 | 6.8 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0720 |
Specialist in orthopedics | 13 | 4.6 | 12 | 6.2 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0693 |
Specialist in pulmonology | 13 | 4.7 | 11 | 5.8 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.2369 |
Specialist in psychiatry/psychotherapy | 12 | 4.3 | 12 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.0112 |
Specialist in urology | 2 | 0.7 | 2 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Occupational therapist | 3 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5545 |
Non-medical practitioner | 6 | 2.0 | 5 | 2.5 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.6692 |
Osteopath | 3 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.2317 |
Physical therapist | 12 | 4.0 | 10 | 4.9 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.3539 |
Psychologist/psychotherapist | 6 | 2.0 | 6 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1818 |
Past 12 months | |||||||
Hospitalization | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
COVID outpatient clinic | 10 | 3.3 | 10 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Other outpatient clinic | 3 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Counseling center | 5 | 1.7 | 4 | 2.0 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.000 |
General practitioner/internal medicine | 125 | 42.7 | 101 | 50.5 | 24 | 25.8 | <0.0001 |
Specialist in gastro-intestinal diseases | 12 | 4.3 | 10 | 5.3 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.3494 |
Specialist in gynecology | 31 | 11.0 | 25 | 13.0 | 6 | 6.7 | 0.1148 |
Specialist in dermatology | 15 | 5.4 | 15 | 7.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.0037 |
Specialist in ear, nose and throat | 20 | 7.1 | 19 | 9.8 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0057 |
Specialist in cardiology | 44 | 15.6 | 40 | 20.7 | 4 | 4.5 | 0.0005 |
Specialist in neurology | 23 | 8.2 | 22 | 11.4 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0019 |
Specialist in ophthalmology | 18 | 6.4 | 15 | 7.8 | 3 | 3.4 | 0.1964 |
Specialist in orthopedics | 24 | 8.5 | 22 | 11.3 | 2 | 2.3 | 0.0103 |
Specialist in pulmonology | 41 | 14.5 | 37 | 19.1 | 4 | 4.5 | 0.0009 |
Specialist in psychiatry/psychotherapy | 16 | 5.8 | 16 | 8.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.0020 |
Specialist in urology | 7 | 2.5 | 5 | 2.6 | 2 | 2.3 | 1.000 |
Occupational therapist | 3 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5545 |
Non-medical practitioner | 15 | 5.1 | 14 | 7.0 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.0428 |
Osteopath | 15 | 5.1 | 13 | 6.4 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.1593 |
Physical therapist | 23 | 7.7 | 21 | 10.2 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.0173 |
Psychologist/psychotherapist | 11 | 3.7 | 11 | 5.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.0197 |
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Share and Cite
Kirchberger, I.; Meisinger, C.; Warm, T.D.; Hyhlik-Dürr, A.; Linseisen, J.; Goßlau, Y. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Non-Hospitalized Individuals: Healthcare Situation 2 Years after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023, 15, 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061326
Kirchberger I, Meisinger C, Warm TD, Hyhlik-Dürr A, Linseisen J, Goßlau Y. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Non-Hospitalized Individuals: Healthcare Situation 2 Years after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses. 2023; 15(6):1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061326
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirchberger, Inge, Christine Meisinger, Tobias D. Warm, Alexander Hyhlik-Dürr, Jakob Linseisen, and Yvonne Goßlau. 2023. "Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Non-Hospitalized Individuals: Healthcare Situation 2 Years after SARS-CoV-2 Infection" Viruses 15, no. 6: 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061326