Trends of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Poland: Assessing the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and War in Ukraine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Sources and HAV Infection Variables
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. General Epidemiology of HAV
3.2. Joinpoint Analysis of Long-Term Trends in New HAV Infections
3.3. HAV Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Migration of War Refugees
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rates of Newly Diagnosed Infection per 100,000 Population | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | Men | Women | p-Value | ||||
Median | Minimum | Maximum | Median | Minimum | Maximum | ||
Total | 0.30 | 0.11 | 12.55 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 3.39 | 0.001 |
≤14 | 0.35 | 0.07 | 3.87 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 3.43 | 0.397 |
15–24 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 20.08 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 6.23 | 0.055 |
25–34 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 31.26 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 5.52 | 0.198 |
35–44 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 18.66 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 4.54 | 0.009 |
45–54 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 9.13 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 4.29 | 0.140 |
≥55 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 2.26 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 1.21 | 0.048 |
Urban areas | 0.39 | 0.13 | 18.07 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 4.27 | 0.002 |
Rural areas | 0.21 | 0.07 | 4.63 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 1.99 | 0.009 |
Indicator | Joinpoint Analysis to Identify Changes in Trends Over the Years 2009–2022 | AAPC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trend for Period 1 | APC | Trend for Period 2 | APC | Trend for Period 3 | APC | ||
MEN | |||||||
Total | 2009–2014 | −47.4 * (−71.0, −4.3) | 2014–2017 | 312.2 (−71.5, 5865.8) | 2017–2022 | −39.2 (−66.5, 10.6) | 6.6 (−15.0, 33.5) |
age ≤ 14 | 2009–2011 | −83.4 (−99.8, 921.4) | 2011–2018 | 68.3 (−16.1, 237.5) | 2018–2022 | −27.7 (−80.3, 165.6) | 13.7 (−6.8, 38.8) |
age 15–24 | 2009–2013 | −66.9 (−89.2, 1.6) | 2013–2017 | 240.4 (−42.2, 1906.4) | 2017–2022 | −38.7 (−72.3, 35.5) | 8.1 (−16.8, 40.4) |
age 25–34 | 2009–2014 | −54.9 * (−77.7, −8.6) | 2014–2017 | 388.1 (−79.1, 11,312.4) | 2017–2022 | −46.2 (−73.4, 8.9) | 2.3 (−21.6, 33.6) |
age 35–44 | 2009–2015 | −37.3 * (−59.1, −3.9) | 2015–2018 | 326.3 (−66.0, 5239.8) | 2018–2022 | −60.9 * (−82.4, 13.0) | 1.7 (−19.1, 28.0) |
age 45–54 | 2009–2015 | −27.9 (−54.3, 13.8) | 2015–2018 | 319.5 (−71.8, 6140.9) | 2018–2022 | −65.3 * (−85.2, −18.4) | 4.7 (−16.2, 40.7) |
age ≥ 55 | 2009–2013 | −49.8 (−76.4, 6.9) | 2013–2017 | 197.6 (−10.0, 883.4) | 2017–2022 | −23.1 (−54.9, 31.3) | 22.1 * (1.0, 47.5) |
Urban areas | 2009–2014 | −49.8 * (−70.9, −13.5) | 2014–2017 | 350.7 (−60.6, 5052.7) | 2017–2022 | −42.0 (−66.3, 0.1) | 6.1 (−15.9, 33.9) |
Rural areas | 2009–2015 | −30.1 (−62.5, 30.6) | 2015–2018 | 267.1 (−90.9, 14,655.4) | 2018–2022 | −50.1 (−84.5, 60.5) | 8.1 (−12.4, 33.5) |
WOMEN | |||||||
Total | 2009–2015 | −25.1 (−53.4, 20.5) | 2015–2018 | 237.3 (−79.7, 5496.4) | 2018–2022 | −49.1 (−79.1, 23.6) | 9.1 (−9.3, 31.2) |
age ≤ 14 | 2009–2015 | −39.5 (−63.9, 1.4) | 2015–2018 | 374.7 (−77.7, 9998.2) | 2018–2022 | −43.3 (−78.5, 49.0) | 13.2 (−9.6, 41.8) |
age 15–24 | 2009–2015 | −31.0 (−64.3, 33.0) | 2015–2018 | 360.9 (−90.5, 22,372.7) | 2018–2020 | −81.4 (−99.6, 809.2) | 11.7 (−16.5, 49.4) † |
age 25–34 | 2009–2015 | −23.7 (−55.1, 29.7) | 2015–2018 | 229.8 (−86.1, 7258.2) | 2018–2022 | −48.8 (−81.0, 38.1) | 8.4 (−10.3, 30.9) |
age 35–44 | 2009–2013 | −46.3 (−82.6, 66.3) | 2013–2018 | 119.5 (−29.1, 579.3) | 2018–2022 | −49.9 (−83.8, 55.1) | 9.3 (−9.7, 32.2) |
age 45–54 | 2009–2015 | −9.7 (−46.2, 51.4) | 2015–2018 | 227.1 (−84.7, 6878.7) | 2018–2022 | −53.7 (−82.4, 21.7) | 14.8 (−5.4, 39.3) |
age ≥ 55 | 2009–2015 | −22.3 (−48.5, 17.2) | 2015–2018 | 243.6 (−69.8, 3815.8) | 2018–2022 | −38.4 (−71.5, 32.9) | 16.8 (−2.1, 39.3) |
Urban areas | 2009–2015 | −27.1 (−52.6, 12.3) | 2015–2018 | 263.7 (−71.7, 4576.9) | 2018–2022 | −51.4 (−78.3, 9.0) | 9.2 (−10.0, 32.3) |
Rural areas | 2009–2015 | −23.3 (−58.0, 40.0) | 2015–2018 | 200.9 (−91.4, 10,466.8) | 2018–2022 | −43.8 (−81.8, 73.0) | 9.0 (−9.0, 30.6) |
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Rzymski, P.; Zarębska-Michaluk, D.; Genowska, A.; Tyszko, P.; Strukcinskiene, B.; Flisiak, R. Trends of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Poland: Assessing the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and War in Ukraine. Viruses 2024, 16, 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030469
Rzymski P, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Genowska A, Tyszko P, Strukcinskiene B, Flisiak R. Trends of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Poland: Assessing the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and War in Ukraine. Viruses. 2024; 16(3):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030469
Chicago/Turabian StyleRzymski, Piotr, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Agnieszka Genowska, Piotr Tyszko, Birute Strukcinskiene, and Robert Flisiak. 2024. "Trends of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Poland: Assessing the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and War in Ukraine" Viruses 16, no. 3: 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030469