Intracellular Host Restriction of Hepatitis B Virus Replication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the HBV Life Cycle
3. Transcription
3.1. Smc5/6
3.2. TRIM Proteins
3.3. Transcriptional Silencing via the HBV Promoters
3.4. PRMT5
4. Post-Transcriptional Processing and Regulation
4.1. Mx Proteins
4.2. ZAP
4.3. ISG20
4.4. DEAD-Box Helicases
5. Viral Translation
5.1. Galectin-9
5.2. Indoleamine-2, 3-Dioxygenase (IDO)
6. Reverse Transcription
6.1. APOBEC3
6.2. SAMHD1
7. Secretion
7.1. Tetherin
7.2. SERINC5
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Factor | Mechanism of HBV Restriction | Viral Counter-Action |
---|---|---|
Transcription | ||
Smc5/6 | Inactivates cccDNA [12,13,14,15,16,17] | HBx-mediated ubiquitination of Smc5/6 [12,13,14] |
TRIM proteins |
| |
ZEB2, MafF, MSX1, IFI6, IFI27, BCL6, ZHX2, HNF6 | ||
PRMT5 |
| |
Post-transcriptional processing and regulation | ||
Mx proteins |
| HBc can inhibit the MxA promoter [53,54,55] |
ZAP | Binds to ZRE (ZAP responsive elements) region on pgRNA; may recruit other host proteins to degrade pgRNA [59] | |
ISG20 | ||
DEAD/H-box helicases | Binds to 5′ (ε) stem loop region of pgRNA and inhibits | HBV induces miR146a, which suppresses RIG-I expression [70] |
Viral translation | ||
Galectin-9 | Directs autophagic degradation of HBc [75] | |
Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) | Depletes tryptophan, hampering viral translation [78] | |
Reverse transcription | ||
APOBEC3 |
| |
SAMHD1 | Depletes dNTP pool from the cell, hindering synthesis of new HBV DNA genomes [100,101,102] | HBV can induce dNTP synthesis [103,104] |
Secretion | ||
Tetherin | Inhibits secretion of enveloped HBV virions from the trans-golgi network (TGN) [106,107] | Sm-HBs can inhibit tetherin dimerization [108] |
SERINC5 | Interferes with glycosylation of S-proteins, hindering their secretion from the TGN [110] |
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sinha, P.; Thio, C.L.; Balagopal, A. Intracellular Host Restriction of Hepatitis B Virus Replication. Viruses 2024, 16, 764. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050764
Sinha P, Thio CL, Balagopal A. Intracellular Host Restriction of Hepatitis B Virus Replication. Viruses. 2024; 16(5):764. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050764
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinha, Prakriti, Chloe L. Thio, and Ashwin Balagopal. 2024. "Intracellular Host Restriction of Hepatitis B Virus Replication" Viruses 16, no. 5: 764. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050764