An Updated Review on Probiotic Production and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Probiotic Strain Selection Criteria and Requirements
- Stability of phenotypes and genotypes, including plasmid stability;
- Tolerance to bile and acid, as well as survival and growth;
- The adhesion characteristics of intestinal epithelial cells;
- Antimicrobial compound production;
- Patterns of antibiotic resistance;
- Inhibition of known gut pathogens;
- Immunogenicity, spoilage organisms, or both.
2.1. Probiotics with the Best Characterization: In Health Point
2.2. Probiotic Viability: What Factors Affect It?
2.3. Physicians’ Guidance
- Evidence that the strains were tested in a randomized, controlled, or comparable human experiment and categorized based on specific host or microbial genetic characteristics in a varied population.
- In the product, the dose and viability are the same as in the human experiment.
- There is whole-genome strain characterization and precise strain designation available.
2.4. Dairy Starter Cultures of Probiotic for Manufacturing
2.5. Production and Strains Development
2.6. Nutritional Necessities of the Strain
2.7. Raw Material Production
3. Applications of Probiotics
3.1. Probiotic’s Role in Colorectal Cancer
3.2. Probiotic’s Role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
3.3. Probiotic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
3.4. Probiotics on Cholesterol Metabolism
3.5. Probiotics in Lactose Metabolism
3.6. Probiotics in Immune Response
3.7. Antioxidant Activity of Probiotics
3.8. Probiotics and Oral Health
4. Summary and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Venkatesh, G.P.; Kuruvalli, G.; Syed, K.; Reddy, V.D. An Updated Review on Probiotic Production and Applications. Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15, 221-236. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010016
Venkatesh GP, Kuruvalli G, Syed K, Reddy VD. An Updated Review on Probiotic Production and Applications. Gastroenterology Insights. 2024; 15(1):221-236. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010016
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenkatesh, Guru Prasad, Gouthami Kuruvalli, Khajamohiddin Syed, and Vaddi Damodara Reddy. 2024. "An Updated Review on Probiotic Production and Applications" Gastroenterology Insights 15, no. 1: 221-236. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010016