Association of Bone Disorder and Gene Polymorphism of PPAR-γ Pro12 Ala in Egyptian Children with β-Thalassemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Design
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
- Patients with β-thalassemia major ranging from 8 to 18 years old.
- Patients who were diagnosed at an early age based on Hemoglobin electrophoresis.
- Patients who were given blood transfusions.
- Children on iron chelation therapy, whether oral or subcutaneous.
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
- (I)
- Routine hematological investigations:
- (II)
- Radiological investigation:
- (III)
- Genotyping identification:
- (IV)
- Statistical studies to assess the obtained data:
3. Results
3.1. The Demographic Data, Laboratory Data, and the Z-Score of BMD Levels of the Patient and Control Groups
3.2. Frequency of PPAR-γ Gene Polymorphism of Patient Group and Control Group and Comparison between Them Regarding PPAR Allele Frequencies
3.3. Comparison between Males and Females Regarding PPARγ Gene Polymorphism
3.4. Comparison between PPARγ Homozygous and PPARγ Heterozygous Gene Groups Regarding the BMD Levels and the Laboratory Data in Patient Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient (Median) | Control (Median) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 11 (8–18) | 11.5 (8–18) | 0.85 |
Weight (kg) | 23.5 (14–54) | 35.5 (21–62) | 0.01 |
Height (cm) | 127 (106–168) | 141 (119–173) | 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 14.95 (11.6–20) | 17.65 (13.4–21) | 0.003 |
Male n (%) | 27 (54) | 29 (58.0) | 0.6 |
Female n (%) | 23 (46) | 21 (42) | |
Hemoglobin (gm/dL) | 8 (6–9.2) | 1 (10–13) | 0.01 * |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 1674 (474–7048) | 50 (20–90) | 0.01 * |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9 (7–9.8) | 9.2 (8.5–9.8) | 0.07 |
Phosphorous (mg/dL) | 3.1 (2–3.8) | 3 (2.4–4) | 0.06 |
ALP (U/L) | 135 (80–400) | 130 (80–180) | 0.69 |
Z-score | −0.7 (−1.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.6–1.2) | 0.01 * |
Normal BMD measures | 32 (64%) | 50 (100%) | 0.01 * |
Low BMD measures | 18 (36%) | 0 (0%) |
Genotype | Patients | Controls | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
C/C | 45 (90%) | 44 (88%) | 1.00 | 0.95 |
C/G | 5 (10%) | 6 (12%) | 1.06 (0.21–5.35) | |
G/G | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 |
PPAR Genotypes | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sex | C/C | C/G | |
Male (No) | 51 | 6 | 0.88 |
Female (No) | 38 | 5 |
PPAR-γ Polymorphism | Low BMD Median (IOR) | Normal BMD Median (IOR) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Homozygous (C/C) | Valid | 16 (35.6) | 29 (64.4) | 0.90 |
Heterozygous (C/G) | 2 (40) | 3 (60) |
Homozygous (CC) (n = 45) | Heterozygous (CG) (n = 5) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Z-score | 0.7 (−1.50–1.20) | 0.7 (−1.50–90) | 0.70 |
Hb (gm/dL) | 8 (6.90–9.20) | 8 (7.00–8.20) | 0.91 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 1635 (474–7048) | 2220 (684–2420) | 0.35 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9 (7.00–9.80) | 9 (8–9.2) | 0.63 |
Phosphorous (mg/dL) | 3.2 (2–3.8) | 3 (2.9–3) | 0.05 |
ALP (U/L) | 135 (80–385) | 130 (100–400) | 0.85 |
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Hamied, A.M.A.; Ahmed, H.M.; Eldahshan, D.H.; Morgan, D.S.; Meged, A.M.A.A.; Elgendy, M.O.; Imam, M.S.; Alotaibi, T.A.H.; Alotaibi, M.M.S.; Alotaibi, M.T.N.; et al. Association of Bone Disorder and Gene Polymorphism of PPAR-γ Pro12 Ala in Egyptian Children with β-Thalassemia. Thalass. Rep. 2023, 13, 230-240. https://doi.org/10.3390/thalassrep13040020
Hamied AMA, Ahmed HM, Eldahshan DH, Morgan DS, Meged AMAA, Elgendy MO, Imam MS, Alotaibi TAH, Alotaibi MMS, Alotaibi MTN, et al. Association of Bone Disorder and Gene Polymorphism of PPAR-γ Pro12 Ala in Egyptian Children with β-Thalassemia. Thalassemia Reports. 2023; 13(4):230-240. https://doi.org/10.3390/thalassrep13040020
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamied, Ahmed M. Abdel, Heba Mostafa Ahmed, Dina H. Eldahshan, Dalia S. Morgan, Abdel Meged A. Abdel Meged, Marwa O. Elgendy, Mohamed S. Imam, Turki A. H. Alotaibi, Majed M. S. Alotaibi, Manal T. N. Alotaibi, and et al. 2023. "Association of Bone Disorder and Gene Polymorphism of PPAR-γ Pro12 Ala in Egyptian Children with β-Thalassemia" Thalassemia Reports 13, no. 4: 230-240. https://doi.org/10.3390/thalassrep13040020