Observed High-Latitude Precipitation Amount and Pattern and CMIP5 Model Projections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dataset
2.1. CloudSat
2.2. ERA-Interim
2.3. CMIP5 Models
2.4. Other Datasets
3. Method
4. Results
4.1. Mean Precipitation Rate in Observations and Models
4.2. Future Precipitation Changes
4.3. Mean Precipitation vs. Surface Temperature Change
4.4. Changes in Spatial Variability
- (1)
- Over high latitude oceans, only one model shows present or future spatial variability that is as great as that reported by CloudSat, and that one only over the NH55 ocean region.
- (2)
- The greatest inter-model difference in spatial pattern occurs over high latitude land, since they do not fall on a straight radial line,
- (3)
- Both hemispheres’ high latitude land show a general increase in spatial variability. The SH55 land (mainly Antarctica) changes extend radially, indicating little change in the spatial pattern, whereas NH55 land generally show a counterclockwise shift and therefore reduced spatial correlation between present and future.
5. Summary and Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Models | ANT | NH Ocean | SH Ocean | NH Land | GL | Models | ANT | NH Ocean | SH Ocean | NH Land | GL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NorESM1-M | X | GFDL-ESM2M | X | ||||||||
CMCC-CMS | X | X | bcc-csm1-1-m | ||||||||
NorESM1-ME | X | X | CNRM-CM5 | ||||||||
MPI-ESM-MR | MRI-CGCM3 | X | X | ||||||||
GISS-E2-R | MIROC-ESM | ||||||||||
MPI-ESM-LR | MIROC-ESM-CHEM | ||||||||||
GISS-E2-R-CC | MRI-ESM1 | ||||||||||
GFDL-CM3 | HadGEM2-CC | X | X | X | X | ||||||
CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 | X | GISS-E2-H | X | ||||||||
CMCC-CESM | HadGEM2-ES | ||||||||||
CMCC-CM | ACCESS1-0 | X | |||||||||
bcc-csm1-1 | X | ACCESS1-3 | X | ||||||||
CCSM4 | X | X | FGOALS-g2 | ||||||||
CESM1-CAM5 | X | X | X | inmcm4 | |||||||
CESM1-BGC | HadGEM2-AO | ||||||||||
GFDL-ESM2G | MIROC5 | X | X | ||||||||
CanESM2 | X | FIO-ESM | |||||||||
GISS-E2-H-CC | BNU-ESM |
ΔT (°C) | ΔP/P (%) | Correlation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | min | max | mean | min | max | mean | Coefficient | |
Antarctic | All | 1.43 | 5.12 | 3.79 | 2.63 | 37.59 | 23.26 | 0.93 |
subset | 3.68 | 4.53 | 4.12 | 17.46 | 33.12 | 26.95 | 0.89 | |
SH ocean | All | 0.27 | 5.44 | 2.75 | 5.68 | 24.50 | 15.88 | 0.34 |
subset | 2.75 | 3.06 | 2.88 | 12.06 | 24.07 | 18.75 | 0.33 | |
NH land | All | 3.21 | 7.86 | 5.35 | 5.44 | 45.71 | 27.54 | 0.87 |
subset | 5.56 | 6.92 | 6.22 | 26.52 | 42.68 | 35.12 | 0.76 | |
NH ocean | All | 3.97 | 9.58 | 6.44 | 11.32 | 46.29 | 23.98 | 0.66 |
subset | 5.09 | 9.06 | 7.34 | 22.18 | 30.50 | 27.12 | −0.23 | |
Greenland | All | 3.96 | 10.87 | 7.12 | 5.64 | 32.48 | 20.64 | 0.77 |
subset | 6.48 | 10.15 | 8.31 | 21.29 | 27.97 | 24.91 | 0.53 |
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Behrangi, A.; Richardson, M. Observed High-Latitude Precipitation Amount and Pattern and CMIP5 Model Projections. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101583
Behrangi A, Richardson M. Observed High-Latitude Precipitation Amount and Pattern and CMIP5 Model Projections. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(10):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101583
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrangi, Ali, and Mark Richardson. 2018. "Observed High-Latitude Precipitation Amount and Pattern and CMIP5 Model Projections" Remote Sensing 10, no. 10: 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101583