GOCE-Derived Coseismic Gravity Gradient Changes Caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Recovering Gravity Field Model from GOCE SGG Observations
2.2. Tailored Spherical Harmonic Coefficients
2.3. Post-earthquake Gravity Changes from GOCE
2.4. Post-earthquake Gravity Changes from GRACE
2.5. Forward Modeling Coseismic Gravity and Gravity Gradient Changes
2.6. Modeling of Post-seismic Gravity Changes
2.7. Computation of Coseismic Gravity Changes from the Hydrological and Oceanic Mass Redistributions
3. Results
3.1. Coseismic Gravity and Gravity Gradient Changes from the forward-modeled TSH Coefficients
3.2. Post-seismic Gravity Changes from the Viscoelastic Model
3.3. Coseismic Gravity Changes from the Hydrological and Oceanic Mass Redistributions
3.4. GRACE-derived Coseismic Gravity Changes and Gravity Gradient Changes
3.5. GOCE-derived Coseismic Gravity Changes and Gravity Gradient Changes
4. Discussion
- (1)
- A step function s(t) is used to fit the original time series (the earthquake time is used as a priori information in the way some previous studies have done), then the step value s is obtained at the same time.
- (2)
- 300 different random Gaussian white noise time series ni(t) are synthesized, which have the same length, and with the same mean power in the frequency domain (i.e., almost the same noise level; here we use mean power P = 1.3 × 10−2 mE2/cpy; see the supplementary Figure S3). Note that here we ignore the small differences of the oscillation amplitudes in the radial gravity gradient change time series (see Figure 13), because the time points are limited, the 300 different noise time series can almost reproduce all possible different oscillations.
- (3)
- The fitted step function s(t) is added in the 300 noise time series ni(t), and 300 new noisy time series fi(t) = s(t) + ni(t) are obtained.
- (4)
- For the 300 noisy time series fi(t), repeating the process 1) and 2) for all of them, then the 300 new step values si can be estimated. The standard deviation of those different Si is used as the final error estimation for the step value s.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth (km) | Density (ρ) (103 kg/m3) | VP(km/s) | VS(km/s) | Material Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–1 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 1.00 | Elastic |
1–8 | 2.70 | 6.00 | 3.40 | Elastic |
8–15 | 2.90 | 6.60 | 3.70 | Elastic |
15–22 | 3.05 | 7.20 | 4.00 | Elastic |
22–∞ | 3.40 | 8.20 | 4.70 | Biviscous (Burgers body) |
GOCE | GRACE | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantities | ΔVxx | ΔVyy | ΔVzz | ΔVxz | Δg | ΔVxx | ΔVyy | ΔVzz | ΔVxz | Δg |
Correlation coefficients | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.53 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.74 |
RMS of observed signals | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.078 | 0.056 | 1.179 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.179 |
RMS of differences | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.066 | 0.047 | 1.043 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.158 |
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Xu, X.; Ding, H.; Zhao, Y.; Li, J.; Hu, M. GOCE-Derived Coseismic Gravity Gradient Changes Caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111295
Xu X, Ding H, Zhao Y, Li J, Hu M. GOCE-Derived Coseismic Gravity Gradient Changes Caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(11):1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111295
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xinyu, Hao Ding, Yongqi Zhao, Jin Li, and Minzhang Hu. 2019. "GOCE-Derived Coseismic Gravity Gradient Changes Caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake" Remote Sensing 11, no. 11: 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111295