Distribution of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Tapajós River Basin (Brazilian Amazon) over the Past 40 Years and Relationship with Water Siltation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Database
3.2. Imagery Time-Series for Monitoring Land Use and Water Quality Changes
3.3. Mapping Mining Areas in 2012
3.4. Mapping Mining Areas in 2001, 1993, 1984, and 1973
3.5. Relationship between Historical Mining Areas and Water Siltation
3.6. Investigating the Source of the Sediment Derived from ASGM
4. Results
4.1. Validating Gold Mining Area in 2012
4.2. Gold Mining Area from 1973 to 2012
4.3. Historical Gold Mining Area and Water Siltation
4.4. Characterization and Distribution of Gold Mining Area: Proximity to Roads and Drainage Network, and Soil Types
5. Discussion
5.1. Satellite Imagery Time-Series for Estimation of Land Use and Water Siltation Change
5.2. Spatio-Temporal Analysiof ASGM and Water Siltation (1973–2012)
5.3. Management Recommendations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interests
Abbreviations
AERONET | Aerosol robotic network |
AOT | Aerosol Optical Thickness |
ASGM | Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining |
DDV | Dense dark Vegetation |
DN | Digital Number |
FLAASH | Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes |
IRS/LISSIII | Indian Remote Sensing/Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor |
NIR | Near-Infrared |
RGB | Red, Green, Blue |
TOA | Top-of-Atmosphere |
TSS | Total Suspended Solids |
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Type of Data | Date | Description | Scale/Resolution | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Satellite Images (5 tiles per date, raster files) | August 1973 | Landsat 1 (MSS) | 80 m | DGI/INPE [17] |
August 1984 | Landsat 5 (TM) | 30 m | ||
September 1993 | Landsat 5 (TM) | 30 m | ||
August 2001 | Landsat 5 (TM) | 30 m | ||
September 2012 | IRS/LISSIII | 24 m | ||
Aerial photos | May 2012 | Overflight performed in May 2012. Total of 40 photos and 70 mining polygons identified. | Shared by ICMBio | |
Ancillary data | 2013 | River network | 1:50,000 | This study |
(vector files) | 2010 | Water Bodies | 1:250,000 | [18] |
2010 | Roads | 1:250,000 | [18] | |
2006 | Soil | 1:250,000 | [19] | |
2012 | Mining sites and gold mining district | 1:250,000 | [20] | |
Land use classification (vector files) | 2012 | TerraClass Project classified land-cover use for the Brazilian Amazon. | 1:50,000 | Available at CRA/INPE [21] |
Historical TSS concentration (raster files) | 1973–2012 | Estimation of TSS concentration for Tapajós River Basin retrieved from satellite images. | 24–80 m | [12] |
Classification of TerraClass-2012 | |||||
Mining | Others Uses | Not Classified | Total | ||
photos | Mining | 32 | 13 | 8 | 53 |
Others uses | 3 | 14 | 0 | 17 | |
Total | 35 | 27 | 8 | 70 | |
Classification of MapASGM-2012 | |||||
Mining | Other Uses | Not Classified | Total | ||
photos | Mining | 50 | 3 | 0 | 53 |
Other uses | 2 | 15 | 0 | 17 | |
Total | 52 | 18 | 0 | 70 |
Mining Area (km2) | |||||
Jamanxim | Crepori | Novo | Tocantins | Total | |
1973 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 15.4 |
1984 | 2.2 | 22.8 | 16.1 | 6.3 | 47.5 |
1993 | 8.2 | 77.0 | 69.2 | 11.9 | 166.3 |
2001 | 7.3 | 77.9 | 63.1 | 23.3 | 171.7 |
2012 | 10.9 | 115.5 | 96.2 | 39.1 | 261.7 |
Other uses (km2) | |||||
Jamanxim | Crepori | Novo | Tocantins | Total | |
1973 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 4.8 |
1984 | 185.1 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 2.9 | 209.9 |
1993 | 579.2 | 52.5 | 62.8 | 14.6 | 709.1 |
2001 | 1338.2 | 69.2 | 107.3 | 38.8 | 1553.5 |
2012 | 4212.0 | 192.2 | 365.7 | 54.9 | 4824.8 |
Soil Type (World Reference Base, 1998) | Mining Area in 2012 (km2) |
---|---|
Acrisol | 1.2 |
Arenosol | 2.6 |
Gleysol | 53.7 |
Ferrasol | 180.5 |
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Lobo, F.D.L.; Costa, M.; Novo, E.M.L.d.M.; Telmer, K. Distribution of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Tapajós River Basin (Brazilian Amazon) over the Past 40 Years and Relationship with Water Siltation. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070579
Lobo FDL, Costa M, Novo EMLdM, Telmer K. Distribution of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Tapajós River Basin (Brazilian Amazon) over the Past 40 Years and Relationship with Water Siltation. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(7):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070579
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobo, Felipe De Lucia, Maycira Costa, Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo, and Kevin Telmer. 2016. "Distribution of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Tapajós River Basin (Brazilian Amazon) over the Past 40 Years and Relationship with Water Siltation" Remote Sensing 8, no. 7: 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070579
APA StyleLobo, F. D. L., Costa, M., Novo, E. M. L. d. M., & Telmer, K. (2016). Distribution of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Tapajós River Basin (Brazilian Amazon) over the Past 40 Years and Relationship with Water Siltation. Remote Sensing, 8(7), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070579