Height, Zinc and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren: A Study in Cuba and Cambodia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population Cuba
2.2. Study Population Cambodia
2.3. Height for Age
2.4. Parasitology and Treatment
2.5. Plasma Zinc and Inflammation
2.6. Hair Zinc
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Populations
Cuba (N = 1389) | Cambodia (N = 2471) | |
---|---|---|
n (%) or mean ± sd | n (%) or mean ± sd | |
Age (years) | 8.14 ± 2.07 | 9.68 ± 2.27 |
Sex (female) | 640 (47.0%) | 1236 (50.0%) |
Height for age z-score | 0.06 ± 1.04 | −1.81 ± 1.05 |
Stunted | 21 (1.6%) | 1056 (42.9%) |
STH infection a | 114 (8.4%) | 302 (16.8%) |
Ascaris lumbricoides | 70 (5.2%) | 5 (0.3%) |
Light (<5.000 epg) | 55 (4.1%) | 5 (0.3%) |
Moderate (5.000–50.000 epg) | 15 (1.1%) | 0 |
Heavy (>50.000 epg) | 0 | 0 |
Trichuris trichiura | 42 (3.1%) | 6 (0.3%) |
Light (<1.000 epg) | 38 (2.8%) | 6 (0.3%) |
Moderate (1.000–10.000 epg) | 2 (0.1%) | 0 |
Heavy (>10.000 epg) | 2 (0.1%) | 0 |
Hookworm | 15 (1.1%) | 293 (16.3%) |
Light (<2.000 epg) | 13 (1.0%) | 283 (15.8%) |
Moderate (2.000–4.000 epg) | 0 | 9 (0.5%) |
Heavy (>4.000 epg) | 2 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) |
Hair zinc (μg g−1) | 113 (91–137) b | n.a. |
Zinc deficiency c | 28 (12.2%) | n.a. |
Plasma zinc d (μmol L−1) | n.a. | 7.65 ± 1.69 |
Zinc deficiency e | n.a. | 1884 (92.8%) |
Inflammation | ||
No inflammation | n.a. | 1450 (60.5%) |
Only CRP elevated | n.a. | 8 (0.3%) |
Only AGP elevated | n.a. | 816 (34.1%) |
CRP & AGP elevated | n.a. | 122 (5.1%) |
3.2. Associations between Height for Age, Zinc and STH Infection
N | Zinc concentration | N | Height for age z score (mean ± sd) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cuba | STH uninfected | 160 | 112.55 (88.3–136.0) a | 1251 | 0.11 ± 0.97 |
STH infected | 70 | 113.35 (94.4–143.7) a | 117 | −0.31 ± 1.16 | |
Cambodia | STH uninfected | 1239 | 7.74 ± 1.70 b | 1450 | −1.81 ± 1.05 |
STH infected | 254 | 7.52 ± 1.70 b | 296 | −1.84 ± 1.09 |
independent variable | N | aB a | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cuba b | STH infection | 226 | −0.483 | 0.001 |
Zinc | 0.335 | 0.082 | ||
Cambodia c | STH infection | 1448 | −0.008 | 0.902 |
Zinc | 0.033 | 0.029 |
Variable | N | aB | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cuba a | STH infection | 230 | 0.068 | 0.206 |
Cambodia b | STH infection | 1795 | −0.233 | 0.051 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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De Gier, B.; Mpabanzi, L.; Vereecken, K.; Van der Werff, S.D.; D'Haese, P.C.; Fiorentino, M.; Khov, K.; Perignon, M.; Chamnan, C.; Berger, J.; et al. Height, Zinc and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren: A Study in Cuba and Cambodia. Nutrients 2015, 7, 3000-3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043000
De Gier B, Mpabanzi L, Vereecken K, Van der Werff SD, D'Haese PC, Fiorentino M, Khov K, Perignon M, Chamnan C, Berger J, et al. Height, Zinc and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren: A Study in Cuba and Cambodia. Nutrients. 2015; 7(4):3000-3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043000
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Gier, Brechje, Liliane Mpabanzi, Kim Vereecken, Suzanne D. Van der Werff, Patrick C. D'Haese, Marion Fiorentino, Kuong Khov, Marlene Perignon, Chhoun Chamnan, Jacques Berger, and et al. 2015. "Height, Zinc and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren: A Study in Cuba and Cambodia" Nutrients 7, no. 4: 3000-3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043000