Nutrients

47 pages, 1739 KB

Open AccessReview

Edible Insects as Future Proteins: Nutritional Value, Functional Properties, Bioactivities, and Safety Perspectives

by Xinyan Xu, Mengmeng Feng, Tongwei Wei, Fei Pan, Liang Zhao and Lei Zhao

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193165 - 7 Oct 2025

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally balanced protein sources has intensified global interest in edible insects as an emerging alternative to conventional animal- and plant-based proteins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on insect proteins with a clear focus on four dimensions: nutritional [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally balanced protein sources has intensified global interest in edible insects as an emerging alternative to conventional animal- and plant-based proteins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on insect proteins with a clear focus on four dimensions: nutritional value, functional properties, bioactivities, and safety considerations. Edible insects such as Bombyx mori, Acheta domesticus (A. domesticus), Tenebrio molitor, and Hermetia illucens provide high-quality proteins rich in essential amino acids, with favorable digestibility and bioavailability. Their unique functional characteristics—including solubility, emulsification, foaming, and gelation—support versatile applications in food formulations ranging from meat analogs to protein-fortified products. Insect-derived peptides further exhibit diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients. Nevertheless, allergenicity and consumer acceptance remain critical challenges that must be addressed through improved processing technologies and regulatory frameworks. By systematically integrating these perspectives, this review underscores the promise of insect proteins as future food and health resources while outlining key barriers and research priorities for their safe and sustainable utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal-Originated Food and Food Compounds in Health and Disease)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 224 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Lactoferrin in Modulating Inflammation and Preventing Preterm Birth: A Narrative Review

by Alessandro Messina, Safae El Motarajji, Bianca Masturzo and Paolo Manzoni

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193164 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, are central to PTB pathogenesis. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective factor against PTB. [...] Read more.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, are central to PTB pathogenesis. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective factor against PTB. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on LF supplementation and its effects on inflammation, cytokine modulation, biochemical markers, and obstetric outcomes related to PTB. Methods: Eight clinical studies involving pregnant women at risk of PTB were included. LF was administered orally, vaginally, or through combined regimens, with variations in dosage and duration. Reported outcomes encompassed inflammatory markers, cervical and uterine parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and obstetric or neonatal endpoints. Results: Across the studies, LF supplementation was consistently associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, improvements in cervical length and uterine activity, and favorable changes in oxidative stress markers. Clinically, supplementation was linked with prolonged gestation, fewer preterm births, and reduced neonatal intensive care admissions. Immunological analyses further suggested a positive modulation of cytokine profiles in amniotic fluid. Conclusions: LF appears to exert multifaceted immunomodulatory effects that mitigate inflammation and support pregnancy maintenance. Although findings point to its potential role in PTB prevention, they should be interpreted with caution given the limited and heterogeneous evidence. Further large-scale, multicenter randomized trials are needed to confirm efficacy and to establish optimal dosage, route, and timing of administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function and Prevention of Respiratory Infections)

16 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Replacing Sedentary Time with Physical Activity and Sleep: A 24-Hour Movement Behaviour Perspective on Appetite Control

by Sundus Malaikah, Arwa Alruwaili, James P. Sanders, Alice E. Thackray, David J. Stensel, David Thivel, Joseph Henson, Alex V. Rowlands, Scott A. Willis and James A. King

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193163 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are interdependent components of the 24 h movement profile that may influence appetite control. While acute exercise can alter appetite perceptions and food reward, less is known about how reallocating time between daily behaviours affects appetite [...] Read more.

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are interdependent components of the 24 h movement profile that may influence appetite control. While acute exercise can alter appetite perceptions and food reward, less is known about how reallocating time between daily behaviours affects appetite outcomes under free-living conditions. Methods: We applied isotemporal-substitution modelling in a cross-sectional study of 130 young, healthy, active adults. Accelerometer-derived estimates of sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sleep were analysed in relation to energy intake (food diaries, laboratory meals), subjective appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, PYY, leptin), and psychological traits, including food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, LFPQ), food cravings (Control of Eating Questionnaire, CoEQ), and eating behaviour traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, TFEQ). Results: Reallocating 30 min/day of sedentary time to MVPA was associated with higher energy intake in free-living (+113 kcal/day, 95% CI: 34–192) and laboratory settings (+120 kcal/day, 95% CI: 55–185), along with greater postprandial hunger and prospective food consumption, reduced fullness, elevated fasting acylated ghrelin, and lower postprandial PYY. No associations were observed for reallocations to LPA or sleep. Furthermore, sedentary time reallocations were unrelated to leptin or psychological eating traits assessed by the LFPQ, CoEQ, or TFEQ. Conclusions: In this population, reallocating sedentary time to MVPA was linked to physiological and behavioural compensation consistent with elevated energy demands, whereas reallocating to LPA or sleep showed no associations. Trait-level eating behaviours were unaffected, suggesting MVPA influences appetite primarily through acute physiological rather than enduring cognitive or hedonic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 619 KB

Open AccessReview

Weissella: From Beneficial Probiotics to Opportunistic Pathogens—A Review

by Weiqing Ma, Xiang Liu, Yadi Jing, Meixia Zhang, Xin Zhang, Changfa Wang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan and Mingxia Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193162 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Weissella, a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, has emerged as a significant component of human microbiota with diverse biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This narrative review examines the current state of knowledge regarding Weissella taxonomy, physiological characteristics, and functional properties [...] Read more.

Weissella, a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, has emerged as a significant component of human microbiota with diverse biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This narrative review examines the current state of knowledge regarding Weissella taxonomy, physiological characteristics, and functional properties based on research spanning from 1993 to present. Weissella species demonstrate remarkable versatility, producing bioactive metabolites including exopolysaccharides (EPS), bacteriocins, and organic acids that confer antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These bacteria show significant potential in food fermentation, probiotic applications, and therapeutic interventions for gut health, obesity, and inflammatory conditions. However, challenges persist regarding strain-specific pathogenicity, particularly with W. confusa as an opportunistic pathogen, and the need for comprehensive safety evaluations. Current limitations include variability in probiotic efficacy, incomplete understanding of host-microbe interactions, and gaps in metabolic pathway characterization. This review provides a foundation for advancing Weissella research and applications while highlighting critical areas requiring further investigation to fully harness their biotechnological and therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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19 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Adherence in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study

by Łukasz Czyżewski, Agnieszka Stelęgowska, Magdalena Durlik, Janusz Wyzgał, Andrzej Silczuk and Beata Irena Sińska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193161 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids is essential. The aim was to characterize habitual dietary intake in adults on HD relative to KDOQI and ESPEN recommendations. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 adults on maintenance HD at the Medical University of Warsaw completed a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (55 items, nine frequency categories). The study was questionnaire-based and did not collect, link, or analyze dialysis efficacy indices, residual diuresis, or anthropometric measurements; all dietary estimates are independent of these clinical parameters. Estimated intakes of energy, macronutrients, fiber, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, P), and fluids were compared with KDOQI 2020 and ESPEN 2021 recommendations. Sensitivity analyses included deterministic scenarios and Monte Carlo simulations. Results: Mean intakes were 2696.9 ± 1392.7 kcal and 87.7 ± 35.3 g protein; 64% and 82% met reference values. Sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg shortfalls in heavier patients (>75 kg): Monte Carlo medians were 37.8 kcal/kg/day and 1.28 g/kg/day. Diets were fat-dominant (~46%E), with low carbohydrates (~40%E) and low fiber, about 8 g per 1000 kcal. Sodium and phosphorus were elevated, about 1119 mg and 498 mg per 1000 kcal, while calcium was low (~346 mg/1000 kcal). Conclusions: Despite adequate mean intake, sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg energy/protein deficits and elevated sodium and phosphorus. Individualized counseling with electrolyte and fluid management, greater dietary diversity, and psychosocial support is warranted in HD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

0 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Scores and Hunger Susceptibility: A Positive Correlation Mediated by Fasting FGF21 Independently of Body Fat

by Andrés M. Treviño-Alvarez, Tomás Cabeza de Baca, Emma J. Stinson, Hannah T. Fry, Marci E. Gluck, Douglas C. Chang, Paolo Piaggi and Jonathan Krakoff

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193160 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this secondary analysis, we studied how fasting FGF21 is correlated with eating behavior and decision making, as measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), respectively. Methods: Participants (n = 98; women = 19; white = 31) were medically healthy, between 18 and 55 years of age, weight-stable 6 months before admission, and had normal glucose regulation. Women were premenopausal and not pregnant. Pearson partial correlations were determined, accounting for age, sex, and body fat percentage. A mediation analysis examining whether the association between hunger and IGT score was mediated by FGF21 values was performed using general linear models. Results: In partial correlations adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage, we found that fasting FGF21 concentrations were positively correlated with hunger susceptibility (sum of internal and external cues) (partial r = 0.26, p = 0.02) and internal hunger (partial r = 0.22, p = 0.04), disinhibition (partial r = 0.27, p = 0.01), and better decision making (higher IGT scores) (partial r = 0.40, p = 0.0001). We also found a correlation between hunger susceptibility and better decision making, including the same covariates (partial r = 0.25, p = 0.03). However, this correlation was mediated (36%) by fasting FGF21. Conclusions: In this study, participants with greater susceptibility to hunger cues had higher IGT scores (better decision making) in the setting of higher fasting FGF21 concentrations. This provides further evidence of the role of FGF21 in the interplay between eating behavior and decision making. Further studying this topic may improve our understanding of the complex relationship between assessing energy requirements and cognitive processes related to eating behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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0 pages, 368 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Lipid Profiles and Vitamin A and D Deficiencies Among Children and Adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yan Zou, Li-Chun Huang, Meng-Jie He, Dan Han, Dan-Ting Su, Pei-Wei Xu and Rong-Hua Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193159 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: This study investigates the associations between lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and vitamin A (VA) and vitamin D (VD) deficiencies among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: This [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigates the associations between lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and vitamin A (VA) and vitamin D (VD) deficiencies among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 and included 9039 children and adolescents aged 6–17 years who participated in the provincial nutrition surveillance in Zhejiang Province. Blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VA and VD. Results: The prevalence of elevated TG, elevated TC, low HDL-C, and elevated LDL-C was 21.0%, 11.6%, 4.7% and 5.1% among children and adolescents aged 6–17 years, respectively. There were significant differences with respect to elevated TG and low HDL-C prevalence between sex (χ² = 10.303 and 7.27, p = 0.006 and 0.026). There were significant differences with respect to elevated TC and low HDL-C prevalence between urban areas and rural areas (χ² = 13.289 and 10.195, p = 0.001 and 0.006). There were significant differences with respect to elevated TG, elevated TC, low HDL-C, and elevated LDL-C prevalence among children with or without obesity/overweight (χ² = 209.828, 58.54, 171.972, and 146.256, p < 0.001). There were significant differences with respect to elevated TC and low HDL-C prevalence among children with or without vitamin D deficiency/vitamin D insufficiency (χ² = 33.37 and 56.848, p < 0.001). Ordinal regression analysis revealed that sex and obesity/overweight were associated with critical/abnormal TG (χ² = 340.03, p < 0.001), sex, age group, location and obesity/overweight were associated with critical/abnormal TC (χ² = 255.125, p < 0.001), age group, location, obesity/overweight and vitamin D deficiency/vitamin D insufficiency were associated with critical/abnormal HDL-C (χ² = 458.527, p < 0.001), and age group, obesity/overweight were associated with critical/abnormal LDL-C (χ² = 164.380, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated TG, elevated TC, low HDL-C, and elevated LDL-C are prevalent in this population, with notable differences based on sex, urban vs. rural residence, and obesity/overweight status. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was linked to elevated TC and low HDL-C prevalence. Future interventions should focus on targeted public health strategies to mitigate these disparities and promote healthier lipid profiles in children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

15 pages, 2577 KB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Strength, Lipid Metabolism and Hepatic Steatosis Are Improved with Ursolic Acid Treatment in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Dongyang Kang and Li Cao

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193158 - 5 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of obesity globally has increased steadily in the past decades. Obesity, sarcopenic obesity (SO) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly coexist. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, has demonstrated potential anti-obesity properties. This study was designed to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of obesity globally has increased steadily in the past decades. Obesity, sarcopenic obesity (SO) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly coexist. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, has demonstrated potential anti-obesity properties. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity efficacy of UA in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, with a particular focus on its impact on muscle function and NAFLD. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks old) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20 per group): a control group (CON) fed a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet group (HFD), and a UA treatment group (UA). The HFD and UA groups received a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce obesity. Thereafter, mice in the UA group were administered UA orally once daily for 6 weeks. Results: In HFD-induced obese mice, UA administration significantly reduced body weight (BW), abdominal fat weight and liver weight; improved grip strength and muscle weight; and enhanced lipid profiles, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fatty acid levels in serum. UA also improved histological changes in the liver and abdominal adipose tissues, regulated serum GH, IGF-1, T3, T4 and leptin levels and downregulated the inflammation-associated gene expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in abdominal adipose tissue. Conclusions: UA could enhance muscle strength, improve lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis and might be considered a potential therapeutic agent for managing obesity and related metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Nutrition and Obesity)

18 pages, 2823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Alleviate Simulated Weightlessness-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Gut Microbiota Modulation and Suppression of NLRP3/NF-κB Pathways

by Fang Chen, Muhammad Noman Khan, Mengzhou Xie, Yiwen Zhang, Liang Li, Ahsana Dar Farooq, Jixian Liu, Qinghu He, Xinmin Liu and Ning Jiang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193157 - 5 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), possessing both medicinal and edible dual functions, boasts a long history of application in Chinese traditional practices. As a component of its effectiveness, Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs) have been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), possessing both medicinal and edible dual functions, boasts a long history of application in Chinese traditional practices. As a component of its effectiveness, Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs) have been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects of PS on the cognitive deficits induced by simulated weightlessness remain unclear. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of PSPs to counteract the cognitive deficits induced by simulated weightlessness using the Hindlimb Unloading (HU) method. Methods: Mice were subjected to HU to establish cognitive impairment, and PSP was administered for four weeks. The Morris water maze test (MWMT) and passive avoidance test (PAT) were used to evaluate the cognitive abilities of mice, followed by an analysis of molecular mechanisms. Results: PSP treatment increased learning and memory in mice. PSP treatment partially restored gut microbial diversity and composition towards beneficial taxa, including Lactobacillus and Firmicutes, while inhibiting proinflammatory genera, including Alistipes and Proteus. At the same time, PSP upregulated Claudin-5 and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) levels in the colon, suggesting improved intestinal barrier integrity, and decreased neuroinflammatory response by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB phosphorylation in the hippocampus. It also modulated neurotransmitter homeostasis along the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis by increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT) while reducing the levels of excitotoxic metabolites, including Glutamate (Glu) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK). Conclusions: These results indicate that PSP may have beneficial effects on HU-induced cognitive impairment by regulating gut microbiota, enhancing barrier function, suppressing neuroimmune signaling, and restoring neurotransmitter balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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18 pages, 4936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM1001 Supplementation Attenuates Muscle Atrophy and Function Decline in Aged Mice

by Jacques Karekezi, Hwajin Kim, Theodomir Dusabimana, Tatang Aldi Nugroho, Edvard Ntambara Ndahigwa, Yoon Ju So, Juil Kim, Tae-Rahk Kim, Minn Sohn, Ji Miao, Yuseok Moon and Sang Won Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193156 - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Aging and metabolic disorders are associated with a decline in muscle function, referred to as age-related sarcopenia. The underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia include cellular senescence, imbalanced protein homeostasis, accumulation of oxidative and inflammatory stressors, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Probiotic supplementation improves the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Aging and metabolic disorders are associated with a decline in muscle function, referred to as age-related sarcopenia. The underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia include cellular senescence, imbalanced protein homeostasis, accumulation of oxidative and inflammatory stressors, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Probiotic supplementation improves the gut microbiome and enhances muscle function via the gut–muscle axis. However, details of molecular mechanisms and the development of an appropriate treatment are under active investigation. Methods: We have examined the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM1001, a probiotic that reportedly improves the digestibility of branched-chain amino acids in myocyte cultures, but exactly how it contributes to muscle structure and function remains unclear. Results: We show that aged mice (male C57BL6/J) fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibit weak muscle strength, as reflected by a reduction in grip strength. LM1001 supplementation increases muscle strength and restores myofibril size, which has been altered by HFD in aged mice. Expression of myogenic proteins is increased, while protein markers for muscle atrophy are downregulated by LM1001 treatment via the IGF-1/Akt/FoxO3a pathway. LM1001 improves gut microbiota that are altered in aged HFD-fed mice, by increasing their abundance in beneficial bacteria, and efficiently maintains the epithelial lining integrity of the large intestine. Conclusions: We conclude that LM1001 supplementation serves a beneficial role in patients suffering from sarcopenia and metabolic disorders, improving their muscle function, gut microbiota, and intestinal integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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14 pages, 2528 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Association of Skipping Breakfast with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Bowen Yang, Linxi Lian, Kaijun Xing, Yangyang Cen, Yi Zhao and Yannan Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193155 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing and significant public health burden worldwide. The evidence regarding whether skipping breakfast affects the development of MetS and its components remains inconsistent and uncertain. This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association [...] Read more.

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing and significant public health burden worldwide. The evidence regarding whether skipping breakfast affects the development of MetS and its components remains inconsistent and uncertain. This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association between skipping breakfast and the risk of MetS and its components. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from inception until May 2025. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. This review included cross-sectional and cohort studies on the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of MetS and its components. Results: Nine studies were included after quality evaluation by NOS. Pooled results from the meta-analysis revealed that skipping breakfast was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04–1.17) and its components—namely abdominal obesity (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.01–1.34), hypertension (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.10–1.32), hyperlipidemia (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.23), and hyperglycemia (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.16–1.37). Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrated that skipping breakfast was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS and its key components—abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia. These findings highlight regular breakfast consumption as a potential modifiable factor for preventing and managing MetS and related cardiometabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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20 pages, 4443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing Sepsis in Preterm Infants with Bovine Lactoferrin: A Randomized Trial Exploring Immune and Antioxidant Effects

by Virginia Plaza-Astasio, Belén Pastor-Villaescusa, Mª Cruz Rico-Prados, María Dolores Mesa-García, María José Párraga-Quiles, María Dolores Ruiz-González, Pilar Jaraba-Caballero, Inés Tofé-Valera, María José de la Torre-Aguilar and María Dolores Ordóñez-Díaz

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193154 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g and/or gestational age <32 weeks), with limited preventive strategies. We evaluated whether early enteral bovine lactoferrin (bLf), given its antimicrobial, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g and/or gestational age <32 weeks), with limited preventive strategies. We evaluated whether early enteral bovine lactoferrin (bLf), given its antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties, reduces LOS and improves immunologic, antioxidant, and hematologic markers in these infants. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 103 VLBW infants received bLf (150 mg/kg/day; n = 50) or the placebo (n = 53) within 72 h of birth for four weeks or until discharge. Outcomes included culture-confirmed LOS, mortality, and major morbidities. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated, adjusting for gestational age, human milk intake, and ventilatory support when ≥25 events occurred. Pre/post changes in cytokines, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and hemoglobin (Hb) were analyzed for interaction effects (time x intervention). Results: bLf reduced LOS (adjusted RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.31–0.93; p = 0.028), without differences in other morbidities or mortality. bLf preserved MCP-1 levels, declining in the placebo group (interaction p = 0.022). Among LOS infants receiving bLf, IL-6 remained stable and MCP-1 increased, while both declined in other groups (interaction p = 0.007 for IL-6; p = 0.052 for MCP-1). Although TAC showed a non-significant interaction, the placebo group declined (p = 0.002), while bLf remained stable (p = 0.400) in the post hoc analysis. In non-transfused infants, bLf increased Hb by 0.9 g/dL vs. controls (p = 0.028). Conclusions: Early bLf supplementation safely reduces LOS in VLBW infants and may support immunologic, antioxidant, and hematologic stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

17 pages, 377 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical Applications of Probiotics in Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics—A Systematic Review

by Lucia Giannini, Giovanna Stella, Giovanni Cattaneo, Gianna Dipalma and Cinzia Maspero

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193153 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: In recent years, scientific interest in probiotics in oral health has grown exponentially. This systematic review aims to analyze the effectiveness of probiotic use in dentistry, specifically in two areas: orthodontics and pediatric dentistry. Methods: Forty studies (RCTs, systematic reviews, clinical and [...] Read more.

Background: In recent years, scientific interest in probiotics in oral health has grown exponentially. This systematic review aims to analyze the effectiveness of probiotic use in dentistry, specifically in two areas: orthodontics and pediatric dentistry. Methods: Forty studies (RCTs, systematic reviews, clinical and preclinical studies) published between 2001 and 2025 were selected from the literature (PubMed) to evaluate the impact of probiotics on clinical, microbiological, and patient-specific parameters. Results: Results generally indicate that the most observed effect is the reduction in Streptococcus mutans levels, while in orthodontics, probiotics have proven beneficial primarily in reducing halitosis and traumatic lesions. In pediatric dentistry, early and prolonged use of probiotics has been shown to benefit both the reduction in caries and the improvement of gingival health, with significant results also observed in pediatric patients with special needs. Conclusions: Although the data obtained so far are very encouraging, further clinical studies are needed to define standardized protocols, identify the most effective strains, and evaluate the effects of long-term probiotic use. Probiotics therefore represent a promising and potentially valuable addition to preventive strategies in dentistry, particularly in orthodontics and pediatric dentistry, when integrated into a sustainable and personalized approach to patient oral health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Prebiotics for Oral Health Improvement)

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17 pages, 1835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Post-Colonoscopy Syndrome with a Nutraceutical Intervention Based on Hericium erinaceus: A Retrospective Two-Arm Multicentre Analysis

by Antonio Tursi, Alessandro D’Avino, Giovanni Brandimarte, Giammarco Mocci, Raffaele Pellegrino, Alessandro Federico, Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina and the HERICIUM-COLON Study Group

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193152 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Post-colonoscopy syndrome is an emerging clinical entity characterised by the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms following a colonoscopy. The current management of this syndrome has not yet been established, although probiotics have been proposed. The therapeutic potential of a combination nutraceutical compound [...] Read more.

Background: Post-colonoscopy syndrome is an emerging clinical entity characterised by the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms following a colonoscopy. The current management of this syndrome has not yet been established, although probiotics have been proposed. The therapeutic potential of a combination nutraceutical compound based on HBQ-Complex^®, butyrate, and probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) in this setting remains unknown. Methods: A retrospective, multicentre, observational study was conducted in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy in the absence of known gastrointestinal diseases, assessing the onset of upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms post-colonoscopy immediately after the procedure (T₀), at 2 weeks (T₁), and 4 weeks (T₂) thereafter, using a VAS (0–10). Two groups were analysed, one undergoing nutraceutical supplementation and a control group. Results: A total of 599 patients were included (64.9% receiving nutraceutical supplementation and 35% in the control group). Several variations were observed involving the treated group compared to the control for abdominal pain (59.9% vs. 33.3%), meteorism (64.9% vs. 35.1%), diarrhoea (46.9% vs. 19.5%), and bloating (59.3% vs. 26.7%) (p < 0.001 for all). Logistic regression analysis showed a reduction in constipation (OR: 3.344) and bloating (OR: 3.791) scores. Conclusions: Nutraceutical supplementation based on this combinational compound was associated with a reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms arising after colonoscopy, suggesting potential benefit in this setting. These findings pose a rationale for controlled prospective studies to confirm such evidence in broader clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic News and Updates on Probiotics)

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21 pages, 4758 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arctigenin from Saussurea medusa Maxim. Targets the PI3K/AKT Pathway to Inhibit Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis

by Ruitao Yu, Jinghua Chen and Ruixue Yu

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3151; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193151 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Arctigenin (ARC), a natural lignan derived from Saussurea medusa, exhibits anti-cancer activity, but its mechanism against HCC remain incompletely elucidated. Methods: This study integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular [...] Read more.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Arctigenin (ARC), a natural lignan derived from Saussurea medusa, exhibits anti-cancer activity, but its mechanism against HCC remain incompletely elucidated. Methods: This study integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, in vitro, and in vivo experiments to investigate ARC’s anti-HCC effects. Results: Seventy-five potential targets shared between ARC and HCC were identified, with KEGG analysis highlighting the PI3K/AKT pathway as central. ARC showed strong binding to key proteins, and molecular dynamics indicated stable interactions with PIK3CA and GSK3B. In HepG2 cells, ARC inhibited proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50: 11.17 μM at 24 h, 4.888 μM at 48 h), induced apoptosis at high concentrations, suppressed PIK3CA phosphorylation, and increased GSK3B (Ser9) phosphorylation. In H22 tumor-bearing mice, ARC dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth (high dose: 50.6% vs. 63.0% for CTX) with minimal weight loss. Conclusions: These findings suggest ARC suppresses HCC by modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, providing evidence for its development as a plant-derived therapeutic agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 819 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Exploring Dietary Nutrition and Dietary Patterns in Periodontitis with a Focus on SCFAs

by Jing-Song Mao, Hao-Yue Cui, Xuan-Zhu Zhou and Shu-Wei Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193150 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Dietary patterns greatly affect periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that compromises both dental and systemic health. According to the emerging evidence, periodontal risk is more strongly associated with the overall dietary quality, especially fiber density intake, than any one micronutrient. While the average [...] Read more.

Dietary patterns greatly affect periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that compromises both dental and systemic health. According to the emerging evidence, periodontal risk is more strongly associated with the overall dietary quality, especially fiber density intake, than any one micronutrient. While the average intake in industrialized countries is only half of the recommended 30 g day⁻¹, high-fiber diets such as the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and whole-food plant-based diets are consistently associated with a 20–40% lower periodontitis prevalence. Dietary fiber plays a central role in regulating immune responses, strengthening tissue barriers, improving metabolic homeostasis, and shaping a healthy microbiome through its microbial fermentation products: short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This makes it a biologically rational and clinical evidence-supported strategy for the prevention and management of periodontitis. Integrating high-fiber diet recommendations into routine periodontal care and public health policies could be a crucial step towards more comprehensive oral and systemic health management. This narrative review elaborates on the mechanistic, observational, and intervention data highlighting the role of dietary fiber, especially SCFAs, in periodontal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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23 pages, 1571 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65

by Shahir Masri, Sara Nasla, Denise Diaz Payán and Jun Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193149 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Investigating human exposure to toxic contaminants through dietary consumption is critical to identify disease risk factors and health guidelines. Methods: In this study, we developed a cross-sectional online survey to collect information about dietary patterns and related food consumption habits among adults [...] Read more.

Background: Investigating human exposure to toxic contaminants through dietary consumption is critical to identify disease risk factors and health guidelines. Methods: In this study, we developed a cross-sectional online survey to collect information about dietary patterns and related food consumption habits among adults (age ≥ 18) and adolescents (ages 13–17) in Southern California, focusing on popular staple foods and/or those targeted most commonly under California’s Proposition 65 law for lead and acrylamide exposure. Results: Results identified root vegetables, rice, leafy greens, pasta/noodles, tea, juice, and seafood to be among the most heavily consumed foods by mass, while the daily intake of many foods such as stuffed grape leaves, tamarind/chili candy and herbs/spices varied by age and race/ethnicity, suggesting that many of Proposition 65’s pollution allowances may be exacerbating issues of health inequity and environmental injustice. Moreover, findings from this study indicate that the methods of exposure assessment often applied under Prop 65, especially relating to herbs/spices, are likely to underestimate single-day exposures, thus allowing unsafe products on the market without warning labels. Conclusions: Study outcomes are broadly relevant to environmental health and nutrition science, with particular relevance to public health practitioners and California’s Prop 65 regulators and other stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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19 pages, 2811 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation and Aerobic Exercise on Metabolic Health and Physical Performance in Aged Mice

by Yi-Ju Hsu, Mon-Chien Lee, Huai-Yu Fan and Yu-Ching Lo

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193148 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Aging is characterized by progressive physiological and metabolic decline. Aerobic exercise mitigates age-related impairments, and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor in the NAD⁺ salvage pathway, has emerged as a nutritional intervention to promote healthy aging. This study investigated whether NMN [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Aging is characterized by progressive physiological and metabolic decline. Aerobic exercise mitigates age-related impairments, and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor in the NAD⁺ salvage pathway, has emerged as a nutritional intervention to promote healthy aging. This study investigated whether NMN supplementation combined with aerobic exercise provides synergistic benefits on physical performance and metabolic regulation in aged mice. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6J mice, including eight young (8 weeks) and thirty-two aged (85 weeks) mice, were randomly assigned to five groups: young sedentary (YS), aged sedentary (AS), aged with exercise (AE), aged with NMN (ASNMN; 300 mg/kg/day), and aged with combined NMN and exercise (AENMN). Interventions lasted six weeks. Assessments included grip strength, muscle endurance, aerobic capacity, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and indirect calorimetry, followed by biochemical and molecular analyses of NAMPT and SirT1 expression. Results: The AENMN group demonstrated significant improvements in maximal strength and aerobic endurance compared with the AS group (p < 0.05). Both NMN and exercise interventions increased blood NAMPT concentrations, with the highest levels observed in the AENMN group (p < 0.05). SirT1 expression was elevated in the ASNMN and AENMN groups relative to YS (p < 0.05). Glucose tolerance improved in the ASNMN and AENMN groups (p < 0.05). Enhanced energy metabolism in the AENMN group was indicated by increased oxygen consumption, elevated energy expenditure, and reduced respiratory quotient. Conclusions: NMN supplementation, particularly when combined with aerobic exercise, effectively improved aerobic performance, glucose regulation, and systemic energy metabolism in aged mice. These findings suggest that NMN, in synergy with exercise, may serve as a promising nutritional strategy to counteract age-associated metabolic and functional decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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13 pages, 264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation Signatures Linking Prenatal Exposure to the Chinese Great Famine and Blood Lipids in Late Adulthood: The Genomic Research of the Chinese Famine (GRECF) Study

by Huan Wang, Luqi Shen, Tingting Liu, Ruiyuan Zhang, Zhenghe Wang, Jingkai Wei, Ye Shen, Jinzhen Guo, Toni Miles, Changwei Li and Zhiyong Zou

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3147; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193147 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Prenatal exposure to famine can lead to lasting health effects through changes in DNA methylation. This study aims to evaluate the impact of prenatal exposure to the Chinses Great Famine (1959–1961) on human epigenome and the subsequent influence on blood lipids. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Prenatal exposure to famine can lead to lasting health effects through changes in DNA methylation. This study aims to evaluate the impact of prenatal exposure to the Chinses Great Famine (1959–1961) on human epigenome and the subsequent influence on blood lipids. Methods: We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of peripheral blood-based DNA methylation and prenatal exposure to the Chinese Great Famine as well as blood lipids among eight participants exposed to famine and eight sex-matched participants (born ≤ 3 years after the famine). Genome-wide DNA methylation sites were profiled using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip, which covers 850K methylation positions. Results: After EWAS analyses, seven probes in genes C8orf31, ELAVL1, U6, GBA2, SHOX2, SLC1A4, and NPHP4 reached p < 1 × 10⁻⁵. Of these, famine exposure was associated with decreased methylation levels of a GBA2 exonic probe cg08258661 (p = 4.9 × 10⁻⁶). After false discovery rate (FDR) correction, pathway enrichment analyses for genes harboring nominally significant (p < 0.05) probes identified 44 significant pathways (q < 0.05), and 5 pathways were related to lipid metabolism. After FDR correction in each pathway, probes cg02622866 (5’UTR of ATF2, p = 1.09 × 10⁻³), cg07316730 (body of GRB2, p = 1.32 × 10⁻³), and cg01105385 (body of PIK3R1, p = 1.94 × 10⁻³) in the PI2K-Akt signaling pathway were associated with blood LDL-C (q ≤ 0.04); probes cg09180702 (3’UTR of PIGQ, p = 9.21 × 10⁻⁵, and q = 0.04) and cg01421548 (body of HS3ST4, p = 5.23 × 10⁻⁵, and q = 0.01) in the metabolism pathway were associated with blood LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively; In addition, probe cg08460387 (5’UTR of MAN1C1, p = 1.09 × 10⁻⁴, and q = 0.02) in the vesicle-mediated transport pathway was associated with log-transformed blood triglycerides. Conclusions: Through an epigenetic study of the Chinese Great Famine, we identified six novel genes involved in lipid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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