Nutrients

17 pages, 900 KB

Open AccessReview

A Potential Role of Natural Bioactive Compounds Found in Food in the Prevention of Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

by Sandro Huenchuguala and Juan Segura-Aguilar

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3376; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213376 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2025

Various clinical studies aimed at modifying the progression of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease have been unsuccessful. Similarly, several nutritional trials using bioactive compounds have shown positive effects for patients but have also failed to slow or reduce the disease’s progression. This repeated failure is [...] Read more.

Various clinical studies aimed at modifying the progression of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease have been unsuccessful. Similarly, several nutritional trials using bioactive compounds have shown positive effects for patients but have also failed to slow or reduce the disease’s progression. This repeated failure is likely because these studies ignore the extremely slow neurodegenerative process, which unfolds over many years. The molecular mechanism behind the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease remains unclear. This is a conceptual/theoretical review based mainly on mechanistic and preclinical evidence, with no direct clinical data. However, research suggests that aminochrome, an endogenous neurotoxin, may trigger the degeneration of these neurons through a single-neuron degeneration model. In this model, aminochrome selectively destroys individual neurons without spreading to neighboring cells. Aminochrome is produced during neuromelanin synthesis, a process that is normally harmless because protective enzymes like DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2 neutralize aminochrome’s neurotoxic effects. Increasing the levels of these enzymes could offer neuroprotection. The KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway is critical for regulating antioxidant enzymes, such as DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2. Importantly, specific bioactive compounds from food can activate this pathway, increasing the production of these protective enzymes. For instance, the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), along with astaxanthin—a compound present in cold-water fish like salmon—have been demonstrated to enhance enzyme expression. This connection leads to a compelling question: Could dietary interventions help prevent idiopathic Parkinson’s disease? Answering this will require further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Functional Foods in Human Health—2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 1755 KB

Open AccessReview

Zinc as a Modulator of miRNA Signaling in Obesity

by Nurpudji Astuti Taslim, Anne Maria Graciela, Dante Saksono Harbuwono, Andi Yasmin Syauki, Andrew Nehemia Anthony, Nur Ashari, Andi Makbul Aman, Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata, Hardinsyah Hardinsyah, Agussalim Bukhari and Fahrul Nurkolis

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3375; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213375 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder influenced not only by excessive caloric intake but also by micronutrient imbalances such as zinc deficiency. Emerging evidence suggests that zinc regulates microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis and expression, linking nutritional status to metabolic regulation. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder influenced not only by excessive caloric intake but also by micronutrient imbalances such as zinc deficiency. Emerging evidence suggests that zinc regulates microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis and expression, linking nutritional status to metabolic regulation. Objective: This review delineates the molecular interplay between zinc and miRNAs in obesity, emphasizing the mechanistic, clinical, and translational relevance of zinc-sensitive miRNAs in adipogenesis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Results: Zinc deficiency alters miRNA expression profiles associated with metabolic dysregulation. Key miRNAs—miR-21, miR-34a, miR-122, and miR-144-3p—are consistently modulated by zinc status, influencing inflammation, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling. Zinc repletion restores several miRNAs (e.g., miR-10b, miR-155, miR-145), suggesting reversibility, while excessive zinc may upregulate miR-144-3p and exacerbate oxidative stress. Circulating and exosomal miRNAs show promise as dynamic biomarkers for zinc intervention efficacy. Methods: A literature search was performed in 4 databases up to August 2025 using keywords related to zinc, miRNAs, and obesity. Eligible studies included both preclinical and human research evaluating zinc status or supplementation and miRNA expression in metabolic contexts. Conclusion: Maintaining optimal zinc levels may normalize miRNA expression and improve insulin sensitivity. The “zinc–miRNA axis” represents a novel frontier for precision nutrition in obesity management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for the Prevention and Control of Chronic Degenerative Diseases)

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17 pages, 770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Voluntary Food Reformulation Initiatives Failed to Reduce the Salt Content of Artisanal Breads in Greece

by Georgios Marakis, Sotiria Kotopoulou, Stavroula Skoulika, Georgios Petropoulos, Zoe Mousia, Emmanuella Magriplis and Antonis Zampelas

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213374 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Reducing salt in bread is considered a straightforward, cost-effective public health intervention and is implemented in several countries, either voluntarily or through legislation. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in Greece in 2016, setting a voluntary maximum salt content of 1.2% [...] Read more.

Background: Reducing salt in bread is considered a straightforward, cost-effective public health intervention and is implemented in several countries, either voluntarily or through legislation. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in Greece in 2016, setting a voluntary maximum salt content of 1.2% in artisanal bread. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the MoU and assessed the potential impact of reducing salt in bread on overall salt intake, using the MoU target and the relevant WHO global sodium benchmark. Methods: Artisanal bread samples (n = 253) randomly collected from different parts of Greece in 2024 were analyzed for salt content and compared with samples collected in 2012 (n = 220). Salt intake from bread was estimated using data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS), and modeling scenarios were conducted. Results: The MoU and related voluntary awareness activities were ineffective as a strategy to reduce salt in bread. The mean salt content in bread in 2024 was 1.41 (0.30)%, representing a 6.8% increase compared to 1.32 (0.31)% in 2012. Only 19.4% of samples in 2024 contained ≤1.2% salt, compared to 31.8% in 2012. Full MoU compliance would enable an additional 3.1% of Greek bread consumers, currently exceeding 5 g in their daily salt intake from foods alone, to reduce their intake to below 5 g. This would rise to 6.2% if the WHO sodium benchmark was implemented. Conclusions: A mandatory salt limit, aligned with the WHO global benchmark, is urgently needed to support national reformulation strategies. This work can contribute to European and international discussions on food reformulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Healthy and Sustainable Diets: Environmental and Nutritional Perspectives)

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20 pages, 878 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Properties of Enriched Curd with Collagen and Plant Phytochemicals for Athletes and Physiological Benefits: Evidence Data from Preclinical Trials In Vivo

by Klara Zharykbasova, Aitbek Kakimov, Yerlan Zharykbasov, Zhainagul Kakimova, Raimkhanova Guldana, Kozykenova Zhanna, Beisembayeva Galiya, Zhanat Baigazinov, Tibor Kovács and Amin Shahrokhi

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213373 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the multifactorial physiological effect of a functional curd product enriched with collagen-containing concentrate and phytochemical extracts of various natures, under conditions of in vivo experiment. Methods: Biomarkers, such as antioxidant activity (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the multifactorial physiological effect of a functional curd product enriched with collagen-containing concentrate and phytochemical extracts of various natures, under conditions of in vivo experiment. Methods: Biomarkers, such as antioxidant activity (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, MDA), immune response (IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-6, TNF-α), and purine metabolism (uric acid, xanthine oxidase, 5′-nucleotidase) were selected for evaluation and their influence change. The model was white outbred rats (n = 45), randomly distributed into three groups: control (basic product), experimental group 1 (supplements of collagen-containing concentrate and extract of the composition of sea buckthorn and rosehips), and experimental group 2 (supplements of collagen-containing concentrate and extract of the composition of yarrow and sage). Results: In both experimental groups, a reliable increase in the enzymatic activity of the antioxidant system, a decrease in lipid peroxidation and the level of proinflammatory cytokines, an increase in immunoglobulins, and activation of 5′-nucleotidase were observed. The most pronounced effects were observed with the introduction of a curd product containing collagen-containing concentrate and sea buckthorn and rosehip extract. Conclusions: The scientific novelty of the study lies in the first comprehensive in vivo evaluation of the combined enrichment of a dairy product with collagen and plant extracts for a set of biomarkers. The data obtained confirm the physiological activity and functional properties of the developed product, which can be considered as a promising means of specialized and sports nutrition with proven biological action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

16 pages, 536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Fish and Risk of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in a Mediterranean Population: Findings from the NUTRIHEP Cohort

by Rossella Tatoli, Bonfiglio Caterina, Rossella Donghia, Pasqua Letizia Pesole, Luigi Fontana and Gianluigi Giannelli

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213372 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is linked to metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA from fish, may protect against hepatic steatosis. Methods: From 2015 to 2018, all participants were invited to [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is linked to metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA from fish, may protect against hepatic steatosis. Methods: From 2015 to 2018, all participants were invited to the first follow-up, where 1426 (62% response rate) responded and underwent the same standardized protocol as at baseline. For this analysis, the study is a cross-sectional investigation focusing solely on follow-up data, which included 1297 adults. MASLD was diagnosed via standardized ultrasound, and dietary intake was assessed using the validated EPIC Food Frequency Questionnaire. Associations between total EPA and DHA intake and MASLD were examined using logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, marital status, occupation, income, Mediterranean diet adherence, liver enzymes, and C-reactive protein. Results: Overall, 48.5% of participants had MASLD. Higher total EPA and DHA intake was associated with lower odds of MASLD (EPA highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 0.572, 95% CI 0.400–0.818; DHA highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 0.516, 95% CI 0.361–0.739). Intake of fatty fish contributed most strongly to this protective effect (EPA highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 0.556, 95% CI 0.390–0.794; DHA highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 0.575, 95% CI 0.403–0.820), whereas mollusks, crustaceans, and some processed/frozen fish showed weaker or no associations. A statistically significant trend of decreasing MASLD risk was observed across increasing quartiles of both EPA and DHA intake. Conclusions: Higher intake of EPA and DHA, especially from fatty fish, is linked to lower MASLD risk in this Mediterranean population, supporting recommendations for regular fish consumption to protect liver health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Bioactive Compounds in Diet and Their Applications)

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25 pages, 778 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Brief Participatory Workplace Intervention on Dietary Barriers and Healthy Eating Intentions Among Employees: A Pilot Study

by Aleksandra Hyży, Ilona Cieślak, Joanna Gotlib-Małkowska, Mariusz Panczyk and Mariusz Jaworski

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3371; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213371 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: An unhealthy diet is a major modifiable risk factor for chronic disease, and workplace environments may pose specific barriers to healthy eating. Methods: This single-arm, pre–post workplace intervention assessed short-term changes in perceived dietary barriers (primary outcome) and healthy eating intentions (secondary [...] Read more.

Background: An unhealthy diet is a major modifiable risk factor for chronic disease, and workplace environments may pose specific barriers to healthy eating. Methods: This single-arm, pre–post workplace intervention assessed short-term changes in perceived dietary barriers (primary outcome) and healthy eating intentions (secondary outcome) among school employees (n = 36; 83.3% women; mean age = 46.8 years). The 60 min participatory session integrated behavioral economics principles, practical nutrition exercises, and psychological strategies designed to enhance self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience. Results: The total perceived barrier score decreased significantly (Δ = −1 [IQR −2 to 0]; the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test = −4.689, p < 0.001, r = −0.78). Post-intervention (T2), the proportion of participants reporting an intention to prepare healthy meals increased (McNemar’s test, p < 0.001; OR = 10.0, 95% CI 1.8–54.5). The session was rated as highly useful (mean = 8.3/10), and at the three-week follow-up (T3), 91.7% of participants reported maintaining at least one dietary change. Conclusions: Although limited by its single-arm design and short follow-up, this pilot study suggests that a brief, participatory behavioral intervention may be a feasible and acceptable approach to support healthier eating in the workplace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Strategy: Dietary and Nutrition Influence)

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5 pages, 163 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Lifestyle and Health Changes During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from This Special Issue

by Vilma Kriaučionienė

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213370 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted everyday life and reshaped lifestyle behaviours worldwide [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle and Health Changes during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic)

20 pages, 1002 KB

Open AccessReview

Diet, Exercise, and Lifestyle in Glaucoma: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

by Akiko Hanyuda, Satoru Tsuda, Noriko Himori, Kota Sato, Naoki Takahashi and Toru Nakazawa

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213369 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Glaucoma is a major ocular neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with prevalence projected to exceed 110 million by 2040. Although lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only proven treatment, glaucoma arises from a complex interplay of genetic, local, [...] Read more.

Glaucoma is a major ocular neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with prevalence projected to exceed 110 million by 2040. Although lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only proven treatment, glaucoma arises from a complex interplay of genetic, local, and systemic factors—including oxidative stress, vascular dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that modifiable lifestyle factors may influence these pathogenic pathways. In this review, higher dietary nitrate from leafy greens is consistently associated with lower primary open-angle glaucoma risk, aligning with nitric-oxide-mediated endothelial support and more stable ocular perfusion pressure. Flavonoids (anthocyanins and flavanols), carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin), and B vitamins have strong biological rationale for glaucoma prevention but have limited support from long-term, large population-based studies. The effect of polyunsaturated fats on glaucoma remains inconsistent and warrants source-(plant vs. animal) and substitution-based analyses. Consistent protective effects of aerobic exercise and high-quality sleep may be associated with favorable metabolic profiles and ocular perfusion, potentially mitigating retinal ganglion cell loss. Conversely, smoking and alcohol use are frequently coupled with poorer diet quality (e.g., lower vegetable intake) and heightened oxidative stress, which may exacerbate glaucomatous neurodegeneration. However, much of the current literature is constrained by cross-sectional designs, reliance on self-reported food frequency questionnaires, and insufficient use of structural endpoints such as retinal nerve fiber layer imaging. This review focuses on the potential of lifestyle modification and future directions in prevention and treatment strategies for glaucoma, highlighting the need for large-scale, multi-ethnic, genotype-stratified longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials to establish causality and define optimal intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Intake and Lifestyle on Eye Health and Ophthalmic Diseases)

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15 pages, 2712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interpretable Machine Learning Identification of Dietary and Metabolic Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Xi Meng, Yiting Fang, Shuaijing Zhang, Panpan Huang, Jian Wen, Jiewen Peng, Xingfen Yang, Guiyuan Ji and Wei Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213368 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a rising public health concern in Southern China, with limited evidence available on dietary and metabolic factors. This cross-sectional study employed an interpretable machine learning (ML) approach to identify factors that could inform clinical and community interventions. [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a rising public health concern in Southern China, with limited evidence available on dietary and metabolic factors. This cross-sectional study employed an interpretable machine learning (ML) approach to identify factors that could inform clinical and community interventions. Methods: Data were obtained from the Guangdong Nutrition Surveys conducted in 2015 and 2022, including sociodemographic information, lifestyle patterns, physical examinations, laboratory measurements and dietary intake information (collected via repeated 24-h dietary recalls). Potentially relevant variables were selected using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and incorporated into seven ML models. Model performance was primarily assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the contribution of identified features was interpreted through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Results: This analysis included 5593 participants, of whom 1103 were classified as having MetS. After removing collinear features, the ML models retained 19 candidate variables, which were selected through LASSO regression. XGBoost achieved the best performance (AUC: 0.834; F1 score: 0.537) with a misclassification rate of 27.1%. SHAP analysis highlighted body mass index (BMI), age, and uric acid levels as major risk factors, while insoluble dietary fiber, carbohydrate and specific micronutrients exhibited protective associations. Conclusions: Machine learning identified key dietary and metabolic factors of MetS. Integrating these factors into clinical practice and public health initiatives may enhance early detection and support personalized prevention strategies for MetS in Southern China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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22 pages, 907 KB

Open AccessReview

Oral–Gut Microbiota Crosstalk and Epigenetic Targets in Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Diseases

by Sahar Mostafavi, Shabnam Nohesara, Ahmad Pirani, Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky and Sam Thiagalingam

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213367 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The oral cavity contains a diverse group of bacteria in the saliva, as well as structured aggregates of bacterial cells on the mucosal surfaces. Oral microbiota (OM) dysbiosis not only induces local inflammation, it can also trigger systemic inflammation leading to metabolic diseases [...] Read more.

The oral cavity contains a diverse group of bacteria in the saliva, as well as structured aggregates of bacterial cells on the mucosal surfaces. Oral microbiota (OM) dysbiosis not only induces local inflammation, it can also trigger systemic inflammation leading to metabolic diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases (NPDs). While primary evidence indicates that oral microbiota dysbiosis induces gut microbiota aberrations, which exacerbate inflammation associated with metabolic diseases (obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and insulin resistance), other studies revealed the contribution of the oral microbiota–brain axis in the pathogenesis of NPDs. GM dysbiosis and inflammation also induce epigenetic alterations in cytokine genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-kB, BTLA, IL-18R1, TGF-β, P13k/Akt1, Ctnnb1, and Hsp90aa1, as well as DNMTs, HDACs, and DAT1 associated with the development and progression of metabolic disorders and/or NPDs. Therefore, the epigenome could serve as a target for preventive or therapeutic interventions. Here, we (i) review emerging evidence of the potential impact of OM dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and NPDs, (ii) highlight the relationship between OM-induced inflammation and epigenetic alterations driving NPDs pathogenesis and interlinked metabolic aberrations, (iii) discuss therapeutic approaches capable of treating metabolic diseases and NPDs through reshaping the microbiota and its epigenetic metabolites, and hence mitigating epigenetic aberrations linked to metabolic diseases and NPDs. Finally, we outline challenges and current research gaps related to investigating the relationship between microbiota, epigenetic aberrations, and metabolic abnormalities associated with NPDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Gut Health: New Frontiers in Treating Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disorders)

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17 pages, 285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Total Dietary Quality Score, Dietary Behavior Adherence, and Dietary Portion Adherence with Metabolic Factors Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Pi-Hui Hsu, Ming-Chieh Tsai, Chiao-Ya Chan, Chih-Yuan Wang, Jung-Fu Chen, Shih-Te Tu, Horng-Yih Ou and Chun-Chuan Lee

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213366 - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

Aims: To examine the association between the total dietary quality score (TDQS) and metabolic outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Taiwan. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 981 adults with T2DM from 40 diabetes health promotion institutions (DHIPs). Registered dietitians assessed [...] Read more.

Aims: To examine the association between the total dietary quality score (TDQS) and metabolic outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Taiwan. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 981 adults with T2DM from 40 diabetes health promotion institutions (DHIPs). Registered dietitians assessed dietary behavior adherence (DBA) and dietary portion adherence (DPA) using a validated dietary quality questionnaire, which were combined into a TDQS. Participants were categorized into tertiles: G1 (≤106.7), G2 (106.8–118.7), and G3 (≥118.8). Associations with metabolic outcomes were analyzed using ANOVA, logistic, and multiple linear regression. Results: Participants in the highest TDQS tertile (G3) had significantly lower BMI, waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and a higher proportion achieved HbA1c < 7%. Compared with lower tertiles, G3 participants consumed more vegetables and derived a greater proportion of total energy from protein, whereas participants with a lower TDQS reported higher total energy and fat intakes. Each 1-point increase in TDQS was independently associated with reductions in WC (−0.155 cm), BMI (−0.151 kg/m²), FBG (−0.106 mg/dL), HbA1c (−0.136%), total cholesterol (−0.076 mg/dL), and triglyceride levels (−0.148 mg/dL). Conclusions: Higher TDQS is significantly associated with improved metabolic outcomes in adults with T2DM, supporting its use as a practical, multidimensional tool for clinical nutrition assessment and personalized dietary intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology for Dietary Assessment)

22 pages, 627 KB

Open AccessReview

Current Utilization and Research Status of the Herbal Medicine Guibi-Tang and Its Variants for Cognitive Impairment: A Scoping Review

by Gyeongmuk Kim, Han-Gyul Lee and Seungwon Kwon

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213365 - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Guibi-tang (GBT) and its variant Kami-guibi-tang (KGBT) are traditional East Asian multi-herb formulas prescribed for memory loss, insomnia, and fatigue. Preclinical data suggest multimodal neuroprotective actions, including cholinergic signaling modulation and activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Guibi-tang (GBT) and its variant Kami-guibi-tang (KGBT) are traditional East Asian multi-herb formulas prescribed for memory loss, insomnia, and fatigue. Preclinical data suggest multimodal neuroprotective actions, including cholinergic signaling modulation and activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway; however, clinical evidence for cognitive disorders remains scattered. This scoping review aimed to map the breadth, design characteristics, efficacy signals, and safety profile of GBT and KGBT across the full spectrum of cognitive impairment. Methods: Following the Arksey–O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, seven databases were searched (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, ScienceON, Scopus, Citation Information by the National Institute of Informatics) from inception to 31 January 2025, for human studies evaluating GBT or KGBT in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, or post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Two reviewers independently screened, extracted, and charted data on study design, participants, interventions, outcomes, and adverse events. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria—nine randomized controlled trials, one crossover trial, and five observational reports—enrolling 555 participants (age range, 59–87 years). All were conducted in the Republic of Korea, Japan, or China. GBT or KGBT, given as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for 4 weeks to 9 months, produced modest but consistent improvements in global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination/Montreal Cognitive Assessment), memory domains, activities of daily living, and neuropsychiatric symptoms across MCI, Alzheimer’s disease, and PSCI cohorts. Reported adverse event rates were comparable to or lower than those of placebo, usual care, or conventional drugs, and no serious treatment-related toxicity was identified. Conclusions: Current evidence—although limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous formulations, short follow-up durations, and regional concentration—indicates that GBT and KGBT are well tolerated and confer clinically meaningful cognitive and functional benefits. Standardized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trials with biomarker end points are warranted to confirm long-term efficacy, clarify mechanisms, and guide integrative clinical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Obesity and Cancer—New Insights into Mechanisms and Health Benefits)

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22 pages, 848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Quality and Nutrient Adequacy Among Polish Children: Findings from the PITNUTS 2024 Study

by Michał Sawicki, Joanna Kowalkowska, Ewa Kawiak-Jawor, Zbigniew Kulaga, Grazyna Rowicka, Piotr Socha, Anna Swiader-Lesniak, Agnieszka Swiecicka-Ambroziak, Hanna Szajewska, Lidia Wadolowska, Malgorzata Wiech and Halina Weker

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213364 - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The past evidence indicates that Polish children’s diets frequently deviate from recommendations. The aim of the PITNUTS 2024 study was to provide an updated nationwide assessment of energy and nutrient intake among children aged 5–72 months, evaluate the risk of inadequate intake, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The past evidence indicates that Polish children’s diets frequently deviate from recommendations. The aim of the PITNUTS 2024 study was to provide an updated nationwide assessment of energy and nutrient intake among children aged 5–72 months, evaluate the risk of inadequate intake, and examine the relationship between diet quality patterns and nutritional adequacy. Methods: PITNUTS 2024 was a cross-sectional study analyzing dietary data from a representative sample of 940 Polish children. Dietary intake was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Nutrient adequacy was evaluated using the estimated average requirement or adequate intake cut-point method. Two diet quality scores were developed: the Children’s pro-Healthy Diet Score and the Children’s non-Healthy Diet Score, and their association with the risk of inadequate intake was evaluated using logistic regression. Results: The proportion of energy derived from protein intake exceeded recommended levels in most children, while that from fat was typically below reference levels, especially in younger groups of children. The risk of inadequate energy intake from carbohydrates was uncommon, while sucrose intake exceeding 10% of overall energy was present in almost half of the children. Among children aged 13–72 months, approximately 15% adhered to high child-pHDS, associated with a lower risk of insufficient intake of selected nutrients. Conclusions: The diets of Polish children aged 5–72 months show persistent nutritional risks, including excessive protein intake, low vitamin D intake, suboptimal fatty acid intake profiles, and insufficient calcium and fibre intake. Diet quality scores can be useful for identifying children at risk of inadequate nutrient intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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12 pages, 610 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cheese Consumption and Incidence of Dementia in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Adults: The JAGES 2019–2022 Cohort Study

by Seungwon Jeong, Takao Suzuki, Yusuke Inoue, Eunji Bang, Kentaro Nakamura, Mayuki Sasaki and Katsunori Kondo

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213363 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dementia is a growing public health concern in rapidly aging Japan. Dietary factors, including dairy products, have been proposed as modifiable influences on cognitive health, although findings across studies remain inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the association between habitual cheese consumption [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dementia is a growing public health concern in rapidly aging Japan. Dietary factors, including dairy products, have been proposed as modifiable influences on cognitive health, although findings across studies remain inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the association between habitual cheese consumption and incident dementia in a large, population-based cohort of older Japanese adults, and to provide epidemiological evidence regarding its potential preventive role in populations with low baseline dairy intake. Methods: We analyzed data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2019–2022 cohort, linking survey responses to long-term care insurance (LTCI) certification records. Participants aged ≥65 years without prior LTCI certification were included. Cheese consumption was assessed at baseline and categorized as ≥1 time/week vs. non-consumers. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied on sociodemographic and health-related covariates. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for incident dementia over three years. Results: After PSM, 7914 participants were analyzed (3957 consumers; 3957 non-consumers). Baseline covariates were well-balanced. Over 3 years, 134 consumers (3.4%) and 176 non-consumers (4.5%) developed dementia, corresponding to an absolute risk difference of 1.06 percentage points. Cheese consumption was associated with a lower hazard of dementia (HR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.60–0.95, p = 0.015). Conclusions: Habitual cheese consumption (≥1 time/week) was modestly associated with a reduced 3-year incidence of dementia in older Japanese adults. While the absolute risk reduction was small, these findings are consistent with prior observational evidence linking dairy intake to cognitive health. Further research is warranted to clarify dose–response relationships, cheese subtypes, and underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Benefits of Diet, Physical Activity and Lifestyle Habits in Older Adults for Longevity)

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18 pages, 1114 KB

Open AccessArticle

“If I Didn′t Do Sports, I Would Definitely Eat Less Meat”—Physical Activity: Enemy or Ally for Healthier Food Choices?

by Maria Elide Vanutelli, Roberta Adorni, Viviana Carolina Cambieri, Marco D’Addario and Patrizia Steca

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3362; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213362 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Plant-based diets have been widely recommended as sustainable, ethical, and health-conscious alternatives. However, their adoption remains limited due to nutritional and cultural concerns, which may be reinforced in contexts associated with masculinity. This study aimed to explore (a) whether physical activity represents [...] Read more.

Background: Plant-based diets have been widely recommended as sustainable, ethical, and health-conscious alternatives. However, their adoption remains limited due to nutritional and cultural concerns, which may be reinforced in contexts associated with masculinity. This study aimed to explore (a) whether physical activity represents a barrier to plant-based food choices, and (b) whether beliefs about plant-based diets differ between sedentary and physically active individuals. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted, combining focus groups and survey data. Twenty-six Italian volunteers were divided into four groups: (I) physically active omnivores; (II) sedentary omnivores; (III) physically active veg*ans; and (IV) sedentary veg*ans. The discussions focused on protein-rich foods (animal-based vs. plant-based) and addressed nutritional concerns related to athletic performance, as well as attitudes toward plant-based proteins and veg*an individuals. Results: Omnivores—particularly active ones—favored animal-based proteins, perceiving them as more palatable, nutritious, and better suited for physical performance, a view often reinforced by coaches. This group also emphasized sensory pleasure as a barrier to adopting plant-based alternatives. It addressed masculinity-related themes more frequently; moreover, while veg*an participants were more inclined to seek professional advice to ensure a balanced diet, omnivores referred to the traditional Mediterranean diet as their primary source of nutritional guidance. This factor may further hinder openness to plant-based choices. Conclusions: The findings highlight stronger stigma among physically active individuals and suggest the need for interventions that replace the current narrative of plant-based diets as a restrictive or dietetic alternative with one that frames it as compatible with strength, vitality, and overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ways to Achieve Healthy and Sustainable Diets)

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18 pages, 386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Not All Plants Are Equal: Diet Quality and Inflammation in Vegans and Vegetarians in Urban Poland

by Martyna Mrozik, Oliwia Grygorczuk, Anna Lipert, Adam Białas, Sylwia Kamińska, Wojciech Drygas, Ewa Rębowska, Stanisław Łegocki, Anna Jegier, Katarzyna Szmigielska and Magdalena Kwaśniewska

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213361 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary factors may affect cardiometabolic health, but the associations between the quality of plant-based diets and chronic-low grade inflammation have been insufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary indices and [...] Read more.

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary factors may affect cardiometabolic health, but the associations between the quality of plant-based diets and chronic-low grade inflammation have been insufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary indices and inflammatory markers in the studied cohort of vegans and vegetarians living in urban Poland. Methods: The study population comprised 198 individuals (mean age 33.6 yrs) including vegans (VG; n = 50), vegetarians (VN; n = 101) and omnivores (OV; n = 47). The following methods were used in this analysis: a questionnaire interview, anthropometric measurements and blood sample collection. Dietary patterns were evaluated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and overall plant-based diet index (PDI) and healthful plant-based index (hPDI) were used to define adherence to plant-based dietary patterns. Results: Vegans had substantially lower hsCRP concentration and lymphocyte counts than VN and OV (p < 0.05). IL-6 concentrations, as well as total WBC, neutrophils, and lymphocytes counts, were significantly higher in OV compared to the other groups. In the overall study population, higher intake of plant-based foods was associated with lower mean levels of hsCRP, IL-6, glucose, lipids, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and total WBC counts (p < 0.05). Among vegetarians, higher consumption of healthful plant-based foods was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and selected inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusions: Our research indicates that the quality of plant-based diets is a critical determinant of cardiometabolic and inflammatory health. Importantly, eliminating animal products alone does not guarantee health benefits; rather, the composition and quality of plant-based foods are key. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)

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11 pages, 239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Type 2 Diabetes Risk Perception and Health Behaviors Among Women with History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Analysis

by Allyson Malone, Tristan D. Tibbe, Norman Turk, Obidiugwu Kenrik Duru, Lauren E. Wisk, Carol Mangione, Jessica Page, Samuel C. Thomas, Amanda Vu, Ruth Madievsky, Janet Chon, Felicia Cheng, Sandra Liu, Richard Maranon, Jacob Krong, Ashley Krueger, Christina S. Han, Keith Norris and Tannaz Moin

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213360 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: History of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a strong risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We sought to examine the association between perceived risk of developing T2D and relevant health behaviors in this population. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: History of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a strong risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We sought to examine the association between perceived risk of developing T2D and relevant health behaviors in this population. Methods: We analyzed self-reported survey items and objective electronic health record data of participants in the Gestational diabetes Risk Attenuation for New Diabetes (GRAND) Study, a multisite randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of shared decision-making for women with elevated body mass index (BMI), prediabetes and history of GDM. Data on demographics, health behaviors, and perceived T2D risk were self-reported. We ran four regression models to study the association between women’s perceived risk of developing T2D and four key health behaviors: (1) physical activity, (2) consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, (3) consumption of ultra-processed foods, and (4) consumption of meals prepared outside the home. All models were adjusted for age, race, ethnicity, income, HbA1c, BMI, family history of T2D, and study arm. Results: Our sample included 242 women who on average were 41 years old (±6 years) with BMI of 32.7 (±6.9 kg/m²). Perceived risk of developing T2D was not significantly associated with physical activity, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, ultra-processed food consumption, or meals prepared outside of the home. Higher BMI was significantly associated with increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10), but not other health behaviors. Conclusions: We found perceived risk of developing T2D was not independently associated with four key health behaviors. Women with GDM are at high risk of developing T2D and may benefit from tailored or more intensive strategies promoting health behavior changes shown to lower T2D risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

13 pages, 1609 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lycium ruthenicum Polysaccharides Alleviate CCl₄-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

by Jie Xiao, Chunpeng Li, Yuxuan Pei, Shuhua Xu, Haotian Zhao, Wen Xiang and Jiayi Wei

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213359 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

[Introduction] The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum polysaccharides (LRPs) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute liver injury (ALI). [Method] After LRP was extracted and characterized, a CCl₄-induced cell damage and mouse ALI model was established [...] Read more.

[Introduction] The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum polysaccharides (LRPs) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute liver injury (ALI). [Method] After LRP was extracted and characterized, a CCl₄-induced cell damage and mouse ALI model was established to evaluate its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities. [Results] The results demonstrated that LRP markedly attenuated hepatocyte necrosis, alleviated cellular edema and degeneration, and preserved nuclear integrity to sustain hepatic function, thereby restoring hepatic architecture. It downregulated serum ALT and AST levels, reduced MDA content in liver tissue, and enhanced SOD activity. Additionally, LRP inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. [Conclusions] These findings suggest that LRP effectively alleviates CCl₄-induced ALI through both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating its potential as a novel liver-protective agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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23 pages, 1873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Microencapsulated Polyphenols and Concurrent Training on Metabolic Health and Fitness in Overweight/Obese Adults with Prediabetes

by Udomlak Sukatta, Prapassorn Rugthaworn, Ketsaree Klinsukhon, Piyaporn Tumnark, Nattawut Songcharern, Yothin Teethaisong, Yupaporn Kanpetta and Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213358 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Prediabetes markedly increases the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes. While exercise and dietary polyphenols independently enhance metabolic health, their combined and synergistic effects remain unclear. This randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the synergistic effects of concurrent training and a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Prediabetes markedly increases the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes. While exercise and dietary polyphenols independently enhance metabolic health, their combined and synergistic effects remain unclear. This randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the synergistic effects of concurrent training and a microencapsulated persimmon–karonda polyphenol formulation on glycemic control and inflammatory outcomes in adults with prediabetes and who are overweight/obese. Methods: Forty-three participants completed the intervention and were assigned to placebo, concurrent training (CBT), supplementation (EATME), or the combined intervention (CBT + EATME) for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes included fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, physical fitness, and quality of life (QoL). Results: All intervention groups (CBT, EATME, and CBT + EATME) showed improvements in glycemic indices, with the greatest reductions in FBG (p < 0.01), HbA1c (p < 0.05), and HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) observed in the CBT + EATME group compared with placebo. All interventions significantly reduced hs-CRP (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.01), accompanied by marked increases in adiponectin (p < 0.01), compared with placebo. In the CBT + EATME group, reductions in hs-CRP were positively correlated with improvements in HOMA-IR (r = 0.627, p < 0.05). Both CBT and CBT + EATME improved muscular strength and maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O₂max), with the combined intervention producing greater gains in upper- and lower-body strength (p < 0.05), V̇O₂max (p < 0.05), and the psychological well-being domain of QoL (p < 0.05) compared with placebo. Conclusions: These findings highlight that combining concurrent training with microencapsulated polyphenol supplementation produced the most consistent improvements across metabolic, inflammatory, and fitness outcomes, supporting this combined approach as an integrated and synergistic strategy to reduce diabetes risk and promote overall health in at-risk adults. The trial was registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20250512003). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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