The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. The Occurrence of VTE in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
4. Atypical Locations of VTE in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5. VTE in Hormonally Active Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.1. Carcinoid Syndrome
5.2. Glucagonoma
5.3. Endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome
6. Antithrombotic Prophylaxis in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
7. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Author, Year | Primary Tumor Localization | Pathology | TNM Stage | Functionality Status | Number of Patients with VTE (% VTE) | Type of Thromboembolic Complications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yoshihara et al. (2022) | Pancreatic | NEC (Ki-67 40%) | N/A | F: Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ectopic ACTH syndrome) | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) DIC | [16] |
2 | Delli Colli et al. (2022) | Pancreatic | G1 (Ki-67 2%) | I | F: Glucagonoma | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (cerebral sinus venous thrombosis) | [17] |
3 | Tian et al. (2022) | Pancreatic | N/A | IV | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein thrombosis) | [18] |
4 | Massironi et al. (2021) | Pancreatic: 9/12 (75%) Small intestinal: 2/12 (16.7%) Unknown: 1/12 (8.3%) | G1: 3/12 (25%) G2: 6/12 (50%) G3: 2/12 (16.7%) N/A: 1/12 | I: 2/12 (16.7%) II: 3/12 (25%) III: 2/12 (16.7%) IV: 5/12 (41.7%) | NF: 10/12 (83.33%), F: 2/12 (16.67%) | 12/160 (7.5%) | VTE (deep venous thrombosis: 9/12 (75%), pulmonary embolism: 3/12 (25%)) | [19] |
5 | Lee et al. (2021) | Pancreatic: 29/36 (80%) | N/A | 7/36 metastatic (19.4%) | NF: 22/36 (75.9%) F: Insulinoma 7/36 (24%) Gastrinoma and/or Zollinger–Ellison 16/36 (44.4%) Glucagonoma (None) | 36/286 MEN-1 pts (12.9%) | VTE (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) | [20] |
6 | Amoui et al. (2021) | Pancreatic | NEC | IV | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [21] |
7 | Liaqat et al. (2021) | Pulmonary | NEC | N/A | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (right internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis and right subclavian vein thrombosis) | [22] |
8 | Zhu et al. (2020) | Pancreatic | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [23] |
9 | Hollander et al. (2019) | Small intestinal | N/A | Metastatic disease | F: Carcinoid syndrome | 1/1 (CR) | Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis | [24] |
10 | Yang et al. (2019) | Bronchial | Typical carcinoid | IV | F: Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ectopic ACTH syndrome) | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (pulmonary embolism) | [25] |
11 | De Robertis et al. (2018) | Pancreatic | G2: 4/6 (66.7%) G3: 2/6 (33.3%) | N/A | N/A | 6/6 (CR) | VTE (tumor thrombus) | [26] |
12 | Yu (2018) | Duodenal | G2 (Ki-67 5–10%) | Metastatic | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (right atrial tumor thrombus) | [27] |
13 | Moyana et al. (2017) | Pancreatic | G2: 7/8 (87.5%) G3: 1/8 (12.5%) | II: 1/8 (12.5%) III: 2/8 (25%) IV: 5/8 (62.5%) | NF: 8/8 (100%) | 8/61 (13.11%) | VTE (splenic vein thrombosis and gastric varices in CT imaging) | [28] |
14 | Rodriguez et al. (2014) | Pancreatic | G2 | II | NF | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [29] |
15 | Prakash et al. (2015) | Pancreatic | G2: 4/9 (44.4%) G3: 1/9 (11.1%) N/A: 4/9 | II: 7/9 (77.8%) IV: 2/9 (22.2%) | NF: 9/9 (100%) | 26/245 (11%) 9 pts (3.8%) underwent portal venous tumor thrombectomy | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [30] |
16 | Hurtado-Cordovi et al. (2013) | Rectal | N/A | IV | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (Budd–Chiari syndrome) | [15] |
17 | Busch et al. (2013) | Pulmonary | Small cell NEC | IV | F: SIADH | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (pulmonary embolism) | [31] |
18 | Balachandran et al. (2012) | Pancreatic | N/A | N/A | NF: 29/29 (100%) | 29/88 (33%) | VTE (tumor thrombus) | [32] |
19 | Teh RW et al. (2012) | Pancreatic (probably) | NEC | N/A | NF | 1/1 (CR) | DIC | [33] |
20 | Naswa et al. (2012) | Pancreatic | G2 (Ki-67 4%) | N/A | NF | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (tumor thrombus) | [34] |
21 | Lim et al. (2011) | Pancreatic | N/A | IV | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [35] |
22 | Tsuchikawa et al. (2011) | Pancreatic | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [36] |
23 | Barbier et al. (2010) | Pancreatic | G2 (Ki-67 3%) | IV | NF | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [37] |
24 | Kawakami et al. (2006) | Pancreatic | NEC | N/A | NF | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [38] |
25 | Nguyen (2005) | Pancreatic | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [39] |
26 | Bedirli et al. (2004) | Pancreatic | Islet cell carcinoma | N/A | NF | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (portal vein tumor thrombus) | [40] |
27 | Di Micco et al. (2002) | Pancreatic | N/A | IV | N/A | 1/1 (CR) | VTE | [41] |
28 | Watase et al. (1992) | Pancreatic | Islet cell carcinoma | N/A | NF | 1/1 (CR) | VTE (tumor thrombus) | [42] |
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Wójcik-Giertuga, M.; Malczewska-Herman, A.; Kos-Kudła, B. The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers 2023, 15, 5477. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15225477
Wójcik-Giertuga M, Malczewska-Herman A, Kos-Kudła B. The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers. 2023; 15(22):5477. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15225477
Chicago/Turabian StyleWójcik-Giertuga, Monika, Anna Malczewska-Herman, and Beata Kos-Kudła. 2023. "The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms" Cancers 15, no. 22: 5477. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15225477