Wnt and Related Signaling Pathways in Melanomagenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Pathway studied | Authors | Pro- or Anti-Melanoma | Context | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wnt/β-catenin | Chien, et al. 2009 [5] | Anti- | Both* | Wnt/β-catenin signaling upregulates differentiation markers, decreases tumor growth and metastasis. |
Wnt/β-catenin | Smith et al. 2009 [27] | Pro- | In vitro | Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin decreases proliferation |
Wnt5A | Dissanayake et al. 2008 [18] | Pro- | Both* | Wnt5A activation downregulates antigens important for immune recognition of tumor, increases metastasis |
Wnt5A | Witze et al. 2008 [31] | Pro- | In vitro | Wnt5A signaling enables directional cell movement in response to cues such as chemokine gradients |
Wnt5A | Jenei et al. 2009 [32] | Pro- | In vitro | Direct inhibition of Wnt5A decreases adhesion, invasion, and migration |
Wnt5A | O’Connellet al. 2009 [37] | Pro- | In vitro | Wnt5A activates calpains, cleaving Filamin A, a cytoskeletal protein important in melanoma cell motility |
Wnt5A | O’Connell et al. 2009 [38] | Pro- | In vitro | HSPG’s syndecan-1 and -4 potentiate Wnt5A signaling and increase invasiveness and metastasis |
Wnt5A | Schwartz et al. 2009 [39] | Pro- | In vitro | Constitutive TLR-3 expression is associated with constitutive Wnt5A activity |
Wnt5A | O’Connell et al. 2010 [36] | Pro- | Both* | ROR2 receptor necessary for Wnt5A-mediated metastasis of melanoma cells |
Notch | Bedogni et al. 2008 [50] | Pro- | Both* | Oncogene Akt requires Notch to transform melanocytes under hypoxic conditions and increases growth by increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis |
Notch | Hu et al. 2009 [48] | Anti- | In vitro | Notch blockade leads to defective angiogenesis and hypoxia which favors melanoma progression |
Notch | Pinnix et al. 2009 [46] | Pro- | In vitro | NICD increases proliferation, adhesion, migration, and caused melanocytes to grow at clonal density, proliferate in limited media, and exhibit anchorage-independent growth |
Shh | Das et al. 2009 [54] | Pro- | Both* | Shh target genes increase proliferation, migration, growth and metastasis of melanoma cells |
BMP-2, -4 | Rothhammer et al. 2008 [56] | Pro- | In vitro | BMP-2 and -4 increase expression of matrix metalloproteinases |
BMP-7 | Na et al. 2009 [57] | Anti- | In vitro | BMP7 induces mesenchymal to epithelial transition, reduces invasion and migration |
2. Discussion
2.1. An Overview of Wnt Signaling Pathways
2.2. Wnt β-catenin Signaling in Melanocytes and Melanoma
2.3. WNT5A and β-catenin-independent Wnt Signaling in Melanoma
2.4. Notch Pathway and Melanoma
2.5. Sonic Hedgehog Pathway and Melanoma
2.6. BMP Pathway and Melanoma
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Keller, J.J.; Moon, R.T.; Chien, A.J. Wnt and Related Signaling Pathways in Melanomagenesis. Cancers 2010, 2, 1000-1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2021000
Keller JJ, Moon RT, Chien AJ. Wnt and Related Signaling Pathways in Melanomagenesis. Cancers. 2010; 2(2):1000-1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2021000
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeller, Jesse J., Randall T. Moon, and Andy J. Chien. 2010. "Wnt and Related Signaling Pathways in Melanomagenesis" Cancers 2, no. 2: 1000-1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2021000