Next Article in Journal
Hydrothermal Fabrication of High Specific Surface Area Mesoporous MgO with Excellent CO2 Adsorption Potential at Intermediate Temperatures
Previous Article in Journal
Steam Reforming of Bio-Compounds with Auto-Reduced Nickel Catalyst
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Catalysts
Volume 7
Issue 4
10.3390/catal7040115
catalysts-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Lipase-Mediated Amidation of Anilines with 1,3-Diketones via C–C Bond Cleavage

by
Liu Zhang
1,
Fengxi Li
1,
Chunyu Wang
2,
Lu Zheng
1,
Zhi Wang
1,
Rui Zhao
3,* and
Lei Wang
1,*
1
Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130000, China
2
State Key Laborarory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130000, China
3
China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2017, 7(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7040115
Submission received: 9 March 2017 / Revised: 10 April 2017 / Accepted: 12 April 2017 / Published: 14 April 2017
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this work, an efficient and green lipase-mediated technique has been mined for the amidation of anilines with 1,3-diketones via C–C bond cleavage. Under the optimal conditions, high yields (64.3%–96.2%) could be obtained when Novozym 435 was used as the catalyst. Furthermore, Novozym 435 exhibited a satisfying reusability and more than 80% of yield can be obtained after seven cycles. This work provides a more rapid and mild strategy for amide synthesis with high yield and expands the application of enzyme in organic synthesis.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

As a fundamental reaction in organic synthesis, the formation of amides is used in the production of a broad range of bulk commodities, high-value fine chemicals, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals, etc. [1,2,3]. Up to now, various methods have been used for this purpose, including amidation using carboxylic acids or their derivatives as acyl donors, the transition-metal-catalyzed amidation of aryl halides or nitriles with nitrogen-containing reagents, and the amidation between alcohols or aldehydes with amines by oxidative coupling [4,5,6,7]. However, most of these methods suffer from unstable substrates, the use of transition metals, expensive reagents, or extreme reaction conditions. To overcome these problems, more efficient and mild methods for the synthesis of amides are urgently needed. Biocatalysis is a green and sustainable technique that can answer this need well. Some methods for the acylation of amines catalyzed by enzyme (lipase, protease, amidase, penicillin G acylase, etc.) have been developed by utilizing carboxylic acids, anhydrides, or esters as acyl donors [8,9,10,11,12,13]. Nevertheless, one of the main drawbacks of enzymatic synthesis of amides is the low reaction rate, which seriously limits its industrial applications.
1,3-Diketones, the inexpensive and widely available starting chemicals in organic synthesis, have been employed as novel acylation agents for synthesizing esters or amides and have received much attention in the last decade [14,15,16,17,18]. Several research groups have realized the transformations of 1,3-diketones to amides via C–C bond cleavage (Scheme 1a) [19,20,21]. Due to the importance of the novel oxidative amidation, it is still a fascinating theme for researchers in organic synthesis.
Recently, research has shown that lipase can catalyze the in situ generation of peracids by the perhydrolysis of carboxylic acids or esters [22,23,24]. This process is a representative case of enzyme catalytic promiscuity, which indicates the capability of an enzyme to catalyze chemical reactions different from its physiological reactions [25,26,27]. The in situ generated peracids from the lipase-catalyzed perhydrolysis have been successfully utilized in Baeyer–Villiger reactions, the epoxidation of alkenes, and the oxidation of amines [28,29,30,31,32,33]. In this study, we designed a new strategy for the lipase-mediated amidation of anilines with 1,3-diketones via C–C bond cleavage (Scheme 1b). This mild method can afford excellent yields of amides in a shorter reaction time (1 h) under room temperature (R.T.) than the results from the reported literature (Scheme 1a). Moreover, compared with traditional amide synthesis catalyzed by lipase using carboxylic acids, anhydrides, or esters as acyl donors reported so far [8,9,10], lipase-mediated oxidative amidation presents the highest catalytic efficiency—even at room temperature. To the best of our knowledge, no other reports have presented the lipase-mediated oxidative formation of amides.

2. Results and Discussion

Initially, aniline (1a) and acetylacetone (2a) were selected as model substrates for the oxidative formation of acetanilide (3aa). Generally, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a simple and mild oxidant in enzymatic oxidations. However, the enzyme is unstable for its sensitivity to high concentrations of H2O2 [34,35]. Many papers have reported the stabilization of lipases versus hydrogen peroxide inactivation (via genetic tools, immobilization, chemical modification, etc.) [36,37,38]. According to previous lipase-mediated oxidations, urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) was selected for its ability to generate the oxidant in a controlled manner and avoid the inactivition of lipase [39,40]. Thus, we adapted UHP as the oxidizing agent for the perhydrolysis of ethyl acetate (EA) to generate peracid in this study. Several lipases of different origin were used to catalyze the reaction, and the results are summarized in Table 1. It could be observed that ANL, CalB, APE1547, and Novozym 435 (a commercial immobilized CalB) can catalyze this reaction (Entries 1–4). Among these used lipases, CalB and Novozym 435, which are supplied by Novozymes, are the widly used lipase in biocatalysis [41]. Considering the relatively inexpensive price, CalB and Novozym 435 are more attractive in this lipase-mediated amidation. However, BSL2 and CSL exhibited no activity for the synthesis of acetanilide (Entries 5 and 6). When the denatured Novozym 435 was used as the catalyst (Entry 7), we found a similar result to that obtained from the control (Entry 9), which indicated that a special spatial conformation of enzyme plays an important role in this reaction. As for the oxidant, the oxidative amidation could not occur when UHP was absent in this reaction (Entry 8). It was noteworthy that the 92.5% yield of the oxidative amidation mediated by Novozym 435 could be obtained in 1 h, which indicated that this green and efficient means has great potential in industrial production.
An appropriate reaction medium is one of the influencing factors on the catalytic performance and stability of enzyme. Thus, six solvents were investigated for this lipase-mediated amidation, and the results are shown in Figure 1. Compared with other solvents, the high yield (>90%) could be observed while acetonitrile or water was used in this reaction. Generally, the substitution of hazardous solvents with more environmentally friendly alternatives is a major purpose for green organic synthesis [42,43]. It is also interesting that almost no hydrolysis of amide was induced in the short reaction time on the basis of high yield of acetanilide when water was used as the solvent. Thus, considering acetonitrile is more toxic, we chose water as the solvent, which fulfilled our main goal of exploiting a green protocol for the synthesis of amides.
The effects of enzyme dosage and oxidant loading were studied (Table 2). It was found that a high dosage of Novozym 435 could enhance the yield of acetanilide (3aa). A more than linear increment from 50 to 100 U was observed, which indicated that the peracid must reach a certain concentration to afford the product. However, the yield could not be improved by further increasing the dosage of Novozym 435 (>150 U). Therefore, 150 U of Novozym 435 turned out to be sufficient in this oxidative amidation. With respect to the oxidant loading, the yield of amide increased as the oxidant loading was elevated from 1 to 1.2 equiv, and the yield changed slightly at higher oxidant loadings. In this work, EA was used as the substrate of enzyme to generate peroxyacetic acid in situ. Therefore, the amount of EA has also been investigated (data not shown here). It was found that a lower amount of EA resulted in a longer reaction time to obtain a high yield. More peracid could be generated by increasing the amount of EA and that may help to increase the yield of amide. EA with a concentration of 10%v/v was sufficient for this reaction.
It is known that immobilization can improve the stability of enzyme and increase its reusability, which makes the enzymatic reaction economically viable [44,45,46]. In this work, the reusability of Novozym 435 was studied. It can be seen in Figure 2 that the yield of this reaction slightly decreased as the number of reaction cycles increased and that a yield of more than 80% can be obtained even after seven cycles. The lost of enzyme activity is probably due to the leakage of enzyme from the support or the deactivation of enzyme by the peracid during the amidation [47,48,49,50].
Various anilines were selected to be acylated by different 1,3-diketones via C–C bond cleavage to evaluate the scope of this protocol. Table 3 shows that all the selected 1,3-diketones (2a–2d) can react with aniline and afford the desired amides in good yields (76.6%–92.5%). The less sterically hindered 1,3-diketones (2a and 2b) can react more easily with aniline than Compound 2c. When Compound 2d was employed, the acetylation product could be obtained with only an 87.4% yield. For the substrate of aryl amines (Table 4), anilines containing electronic donating groups (1b–1g) can afford higher yields than anilines bearing electron withdrawing groups (1h–1p). Furthermore, no reaction could be observed with strong electron withdrawing groups (1r and 1s) or hindered group (1t) present at the ortho position of anilines.
A possible reaction pathway for this lipase-mediated amidation was proposed (Scheme 2). At first, the substrate 2a was deprotonated by lipase to form an enolate ion. Next, another substrate aniline 1a connected the enolate ion to obtain an intermediate 4aa (enaminone). Then, the enaminone could be epoxidize by peroxyacetic acid which was in situ generated by lipase, followed by its reaction with water, leading to 5aa. Finally, a rearrangement of the intermediate 5aa was made to produce acetanilide 3aa. To confirm the proposed reaction mechanism, control experiments were designed (data not shown here). We carried out the enamination of acetylacetone (2a) with aniline (1a) at room temperature for 0.5 h and obtained the corresponding enaminone (4aa) with a 93% yield. Then, the purified enaminone (4aa) could be oxidized by the commercial peroxyacetic acid to produce acetanilide (3aa) in 15 min with a high yield (97%). These experimental results verified our hypothesized mechanism to some extent.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Lipase from Aspergillus niger (53,000 U/g), Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB, 10,000 U/mL), and Novozym 435 (15,000 U/g) were purchased from Sigma (Beijing, China). Lipase from Candida sp. 99–125 (CSL, 7500 U/g) was purchased from Beijing CTA New Century Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Bacillus subtilis lipase (BSL2, 3600 U/g) was expressed from a homely constructed Bacillus subtilis strain BSL2 [51]. Aeropyrum pernix esterase (APE1547, 5500 U/g) was expressed from a hyperthermophilic archaeon strain [52]. One unit (U) of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that hydrolyzes 1 μmol of 4-nitrophenyl acetate per min at 30 °C. All the enzymes were used after lyophilization for the lipase-mediated amidation directly. The chemical reagents were of analytical reagent grade and purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). NMR spectra were taken with an Inova 500 (500 MHz) spectrometer.

3.2. General Procedure of the Lipase-Mediated Oxidative Formation of Amides

A mixture of substituted aniline (1 mmol), 1,3-diketone (1 mmol), Novozym 435 (150 U), EA (0.2 mL), and UHP (1.2 mmol) in water (2 mL) was shaken (200 rpm) at room temperature in a round-bottom flask for 1 h. The reaction mixture was extracted twice by ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to obtain the crude amide, which was further purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane) on silica gel to yield the pure product. Each experiment was performed triplicate, and all the obtained data were based on the average values.

4. Conclusions

In this work, we have communicated a green and efficient method for the amidation of anilines with 1,3-diketones via C–C bond cleavage. This lipase-mediated amidation can proceed more rapidly (1 h) in water with high yields (64.3%–96.2%) under room temperature than the traditional amidations catalyzed by Novozym 435 and the reported amidations via C–C bond cleavage. Furthermore, Novozym 435 can be reutilized for seven cycles and retain its high catalytic performance. The strategy described herein provides a new case for enzyme catalytic promiscuity which can contribute to the progress of novel synthetic methodology and green technology.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/7/4/115/s1.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21172093) and the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University for the financial support (No. 2016057).

Author Contributions

Liu Zhang, Fengxi Li, and Lu Zhang performed the experiments; Chunyu Wang, Zhi Wang, and Rui Zhao analyzed the data; Rui Zhao and Lei Wang wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Bode, J.W. Emerging methods in amide-and peptide-bond formation. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. 2006, 9, 765–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Humphrey, J.M.; Chamberlin, A.R. Chemical Synthesis of Natural Product Peptides:  Coupling Methods for the Incorporation of Noncoded Amino Acids into Peptides. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 2243–2266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Valeur, E.; Bradley, M. Amide bond formation: Beyond the myth of coupling reagents. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 606–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Montalbetti, C.; Falque, V. Amide bond formation and peptide coupling. Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 10827–10852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. García-Álvarez, R.; Crochet, P.; Cadierno, V. Metal-catalyzed amide bond forming reactions in an environmentally friendly aqueous medium: nitrile hydrations and beyond. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 46–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Allen, C.L.; Williams, J.M.J. Metal-catalysed approaches to amide bond formation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 3405–3415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Kim, K.B.; Kang, S.; Hong, H. N-Heterocyclic carbene-based well-defined ruthenium hydride complexes for direct amide synthesis from alcohols and amines under base-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2015, 71, 4565–4569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Dhake, K.P.; Qureshi, Z.S.; Singhal, R.S.; Bhanage, B.M. Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed synthesis of acetamides using [BMIm (PF 6)] as a reaction medium. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 2811–2814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Gotor, V. Non-conventional hydrolase chemistry: Amide and carbamate bond formation catalyzed by lipases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2189–2197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Kuo, C.H.; Lin, J.A.; Chien, C.M.; Tsai, C.H.; Liu, Y.C.; Shieh, C.J. Formation of amide bond catalyzed by lipase in aqueous phase for peptide synthesis. J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym. 2016, 129, 15–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Nechab, M.; Blidi, L.E.; Vanthuyne, N.; Gastaldi, S.; Bertrand, M.P.; Gil, G. N-Acyl glycinates as acyl donors in serine protease-catalyzed kinetic resolution of amines. Improvement of selectivity and reaction rate. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 3917–3920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Ebert, C.; Gardossi, L.; Linda, P. Control of enzyme hydration in penicillin amidase catalysed synthesis of amide bond. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 9377–9380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Giordano, R.C.; Ribeiro, M.P.A.; Giordano, R.L.C. Kinetics of β-lactam antibiotics synthesis by penicillin G acylase (PGA) from the viewpoint of the industrial enzymatic reactor optimization. Biotechnol. Adv. 2006, 24, 27–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Kavala, V.; Wang, C.C.; Barange, D.K.; Kuo, C.W.; Lei, P.M.; Yao, C.F. Synthesis of Isocoumarin Derivatives via the Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Sequential Cyclization of 2- Halo-N-phenyl Benzamides and Acyclic 1,3-Diketones. J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 5022–5029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Kawata, A.; Takata, K.; Kuninobu, Y.; Takai, K. Indium-Catalyzed Retro-Claisen Condensation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7793–7795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Zhang, X.B.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y.C.; Wang, L. A novel and metal-free approach towards α-ketoamides using a TBHP/I2-promoted tandem reaction of amines with β-diketones via C–C bond cleavage. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 1311–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Payette, J.N.; Yamamoto, H. Nitrosobenzene-Mediated C–C Bond Cleavage Reactions and Spectral Observation of an Oxazetidin-4-one Ring System. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 12276–12278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Liu, H.; Dong, C.; Zhang, Z.G.; Wu, P.Y.; Jiang, X.F. Transition-Metal-Free Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of C–C Bonds in α-Hydroxy Ketones and Mechanistic Insight to the Reaction Pathway. Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 12738–12742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Sun, X.; Wang, M.; Li, P.H.; Zhang, X.L.; Wang, L. H2O2-mediated oxidative formation of amides from aromatic amines and 1,3-diketones as acylation agents via C–C bond cleavage at room temperature in water under metal-free conditions. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 3289–3294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Rao, S.N.; Mohan, D.C.; Adimurthy, S. AIBN-promoted amidation of anilines with 1,3-diketones via oxidative cleavage of C–C bond under aerobic conditions. Tetrahedron 2016, 72, 4889–4894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Guo, R.Q.; Zhu, C.L.; Sheng, Z.; Li, Y.Z.; Yin, W.; Chu, C.H. Silica sulfuric acid mediated acylation of amines with 1,3-diketones via C–C bond cleavage under solvent-free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett. 2015, 56, 6223–6226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Björkling, F.; Godtfredsen, S.E.; Kirk, O. Lipase-mediated formation of peroxycarboxylic acids used in catalytic epoxidation of alkenes. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1301–1303. [Google Scholar]
  23. Kirk, O.; Christensen, M.W.; Damhus, T.; Godtfredsen, S.E. Enzyme catalyzed degradation and formation of peroxycarboxylic acids. Biocatalysis 1994, 11, 65–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Yang, F.J.; Zhang, X.W.; Li, F.X.; Wang, Z.; Wang, L. A lipase-glucose oxidase system for the efficient oxidation of N-heteroaromatic compounds and tertiary amines. Green Chem. 2016, 18, 3518–3521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. López-Iglesias, M.; Busto, E.; Gotor, V.; Gotor-Fernández, V. Use of Protease from Bacillus licheniformis as Promiscuous Catalyst for Organic Synthesis: Applications in C–C and C-N Bond Formation Reactions. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2345–2353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Hult, K.; Berglund, P. Enzyme promiscuity: Mechanism and applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2007, 25, 231–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Zhang, Y.; Vongvilai, P.; Sakulsombat, M.; Fischer, A.; Ramström, O. Asymmetric Synthesis of Substituted Thiolanes through Domino Thia-Michael–Henry Dynamic Covalent Systemic Resolution using Lipase Catalysis. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014, 356, 987–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Klaas, M.R.; Warwel, S. Lipase-catalyzed preparation of peroxy acids and their use for epoxidation. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 1997, 117, 311–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kotlewska, A.J.; Rantwijk, F.; Sheldon, R.A.; Arends, I.W.C.E. Epoxidation and Baeyer–Villiger oxidation using hydrogen peroxide and a lipase dissolved in ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2154–2160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Yang, F.J.; Zhang, X.W.; Li, F.X.; Wang, Z.; Wang, L. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of α-Cyano Epoxides by a Tandem-Knoevenagel–Epoxidation Reaction. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 7, 1251–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Abdulmalek, E.; Arumugam, M.; Basri, M.; Rahman, M.B.A. Optimization of Lipase-Mediated Synthesis of 1-Nonene Oxide Using Phenylacetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 13140–13149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Xu, Y.; Khaw, N.R.B.J.; Li, Z. Efficient epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide, lactone, and lipase. Green Chem. 2009, 11, 2047–2051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Yang, F.J.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.W.; Jiang, L.Y.; Li, Y.Z.; Wang, L. A Green Chemoenzymatic Process for the Synthesis of Azoxybenzenes. Chemcatchem 2015, 7, 3450–3453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Hernandez, K.; Berenguer-Murcia, A.; Rodrigues, R.C.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Hydrogen Peroxide in Biocatalysis. A Dangerous Liaison. Curr. Org. Chem. 2012, 16, 2652–2672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Stadtman, E.R.; Levine, R.L. Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins. Amino Acids 2003, 25, 207–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Valderrama, B.; Ayala, M.; Vazquez-Duhalt, R. Suicide inactivation of peroxidases and the challenge of engineering more robust enzymes. Chem. Biol. 2002, 9, 555–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Hernandez, K.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Lipase B from Candida antarctica immobilized on octadecyl Sepabeads: A very stable biocatalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Process Biochem. 2011, 46, 873–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Cowan, D.A.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Enhancing the functional properties of thermophilic enzymes by chemical modification and immobilization. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2011, 49, 326–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Ankudey, E.G.; Olivo, H.F.; Peeples, T.L. Lipase-mediated epoxidation utilizing urea–hydrogen peroxide in ethyl acetate. Green Chem. 2006, 8, 923–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Ríos, M.Y.; Salazar, E.; Olivo, H.F. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of substituted cyclohexanones via lipase-mediated perhydrolysis utilizing urea-hydrogen peroxide in ethyl acetate. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 459–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Hanefeld, U.; Gardossi, L.; Magner, E. Understanding enzyme immobilisation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 453–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Sheldon, R.A. Green solvents for sustainable organic synthesis: State of the art. Green Chem. 2005, 7, 267–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Alcalde, M.; Ferrer, M.; Plou, F.J.; Ballesteros, A. Environmental biocatalysis: From remediation with enzymes to novel green processes. TRENDS Biotechnol. 2006, 24, 281–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Rodrigues, R.C.; Ortiz, C.; Berenguer-Murcia, Á.; Torres, R.; Fernández-Lafuente, R. Modifying enzyme activity and selectivity by immobilization. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 6290–6307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Sheldon, R.A. Enzyme immobilization: The quest for optimum performance. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 1289–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Rueda, N.; Santos, J.C.S.; Ortiz, C.; Torres, R.; Barbosa, O.; Rodrigues, R.C.; Berenguer-Murcia, Á.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Chemical Modification in the Design of Immobilized Enzyme Biocatalysts: Drawbacks and Opportunities. Chem. Rec. 2016, 16, 1436–1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Peirce, S.; Tacias-Pascacio, V.; Russo, M.; Marzocchella, A.; Virgen-Ortíz, J.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Stabilization of Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) immobilized on octyl agarose by treatment with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Molecules 2016, 21, 751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Fernandez-Lopez, L.; Pedrero, S.G.; Lopez-Carrobles, N.; Virgen-Ortíz, J.J.; Gorines, B.C.; Otero, C.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Physical crosslinking of lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on octyl agarose via coating with ionic polymers: Avoiding enzyme release from the support. Process Biochem. 2017, 54, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Tacias-Pascacio, V.G.; Peirce, S.; Torrestiana-Sanchez, B.; Yates, M.; Rosales-Quintero, A.; Virgen-Ortíz, J.J.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R. Evaluation of different commercial hydrophobic supports for the immobilization of lipases: Tuning their stability, activity and specificity. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 100281–100294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Izquierdo, D.F.; Barbosa, O.; Burguete, M.I.; Lozano, P.; Luis, S.V.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R.; García-Verdugo, E. Tuning lipase B from Candida antarctica C–C bond promiscuous activity by immobilization on poly-styrene-divinylbenzene beads. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 6219–6225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ma, J.S.; Zhang, Z.M.; Wang, B.J.; Kong, X.J.; Wang, Y.G.; Cao, S.G.; Feng, Y. Overexpression and characterization of a lipase from Bacillus subtilis. Protein Expr. Purif. 2006, 45, 22–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Tian, R.; Yang, C.H.; Wei, X.F.; Xun, E.N.; Wang, R.; Cao, S.G.; Wang, Z.; Wang, L. Optimization of APE1547-catalyzed enantioselective transesterification of (R/S)-2-methyl-1-butanol in an ionic liquid. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng. 2011, 16, 337–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Catalysts 07 00115 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Amidation of anilines with 1,3-diketones as acyl donors.
Scheme 1. Amidation of anilines with 1,3-diketones as acyl donors.
Catalysts 07 00115 sch001
Catalysts 07 00115 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of reaction medium on the oxidative formation of acetanilide (3aa). Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), solvent (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), Novozym 435 (150 U), room temperature, 1 h. THF: tetrahydrofuran; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DMF: dimethylformamide.
Figure 1. Effect of reaction medium on the oxidative formation of acetanilide (3aa). Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), solvent (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), Novozym 435 (150 U), room temperature, 1 h. THF: tetrahydrofuran; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DMF: dimethylformamide.
Catalysts 07 00115 g001
Catalysts 07 00115 g002 550
Figure 2. The reusability of Novozym 435 Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), H2O (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), Novozym 435 (150 U), room temperature, 1 h.
Figure 2. The reusability of Novozym 435 Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), H2O (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), Novozym 435 (150 U), room temperature, 1 h.
Catalysts 07 00115 g002
Catalysts 07 00115 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The possible mechanism of lipase-mediated oxidative amidation.
Scheme 2. The possible mechanism of lipase-mediated oxidative amidation.
Catalysts 07 00115 sch002
Table
Table 1. Lipase-mediated synthesis of acetanilide (3aa) from aniline (1a) and pentane-2,4-dione (2a) [a].
Table 1. Lipase-mediated synthesis of acetanilide (3aa) from aniline (1a) and pentane-2,4-dione (2a) [a].
EntryEnzymeYield [b] (%)
1ANL (Lipase from Aspergillus niger)64.2 ± 1.9
2CalB (Candida antarctica lipase B)87.6 ± 2.2
3APE1547 (Aeropyrum pernix esterase)79.3 ± 1.4
4Novozym 43592.5 ± 1.5
5BSL2 (Bacillus subtilis lipase)ND [d]
6CSL (Lipase from Candida sp. 99–125)ND [d]
7denatured Novozym 435 [c]ND [d]
8No UHPND [d]
9ControlND [d]
[a] Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), H2O (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), enzyme (150 U), room temperature, 1 h; [b] isolated yield; [c] Pretreated Novozym 435 by heating it for 1 h in boiling water; [d] ND: not detected.
Table
Table 2. Optimization of enzyme dosage and oxidant loading for the synthesis of acetanilide (3aa).
Table 2. Optimization of enzyme dosage and oxidant loading for the synthesis of acetanilide (3aa).
EntryEnzyme Dosage (U)Oxidant Loading (Equiv.)Yield (%)
150111.8 ± 1.3
2100164.5 ± 2.1
3150181.1 ± 1.8
4180182.6 ± 2.2
5200184.7 ± 1.1
61501.292.5 ± 1.5
71501.493.7 ± 0.7
Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), H2O (2 mL), EA (0.2 mL), room temperature, 1 h.
Table
Table 3. Amidation of aniline (1a) with various 1,3-diketones as the acyl donor.
Table 3. Amidation of aniline (1a) with various 1,3-diketones as the acyl donor.
Catalysts 07 00115 i001
Entry1,3-DiketoneProductYield (%)
1 Catalysts 07 00115 i002 Catalysts 07 00115 i00392.5 ± 1.5
2 Catalysts 07 00115 i004 Catalysts 07 00115 i00589.2 ± 1.4
3 Catalysts 07 00115 i006 Catalysts 07 00115 i00776.6 ± 0.8
4 Catalysts 07 00115 i008 Catalysts 07 00115 i00987.4 ± 1.7
Reaction conditions: 1a (1 mmol), 2 (1 mmol), H2O (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), Novozym 435 (150 U), room temperature, 1 h.
Table
Table 4. Amidation of substituted anilines with pentane-2,4-dione (2a) as the acyl donor.
Table 4. Amidation of substituted anilines with pentane-2,4-dione (2a) as the acyl donor.
Catalysts 07 00115 i010
Catalysts 07 00115 i011
Reaction conditions: 1 (1 mmol), 2a (1 mmol), H2O (2 mL), UHP (1.2 mmol), EA (0.2 mL), Novozym 435 (150 U), room temperature, 1 h.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, L.; Li, F.; Wang, C.; Zheng, L.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, R.; Wang, L. Lipase-Mediated Amidation of Anilines with 1,3-Diketones via C–C Bond Cleavage. Catalysts 2017, 7, 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7040115

AMA Style

Zhang L, Li F, Wang C, Zheng L, Wang Z, Zhao R, Wang L. Lipase-Mediated Amidation of Anilines with 1,3-Diketones via C–C Bond Cleavage. Catalysts. 2017; 7(4):115. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7040115

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Liu, Fengxi Li, Chunyu Wang, Lu Zheng, Zhi Wang, Rui Zhao, and Lei Wang. 2017. "Lipase-Mediated Amidation of Anilines with 1,3-Diketones via C–C Bond Cleavage" Catalysts 7, no. 4: 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7040115

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop