Growth Performance and Nitrogen Fixing Efficiency of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes in Symbiosis with Rhizobia under Combined Salinity and Hypoxia Stresses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Soils
2.2. Plant Materials and Experimental Plan
2.3. Growth Analysis
2.4. Plant Biomass
2.5. Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Measurement
2.6. Photosynthetic Parameters
2.7. The Electrolyte Leakage
2.8. Lipid Peroxidation Assay
2.9. Proteins Assay
2.10. Sugar Assay Determination
2.11. Isolation of Bacterial Strains
2.12. DNA Isolation
2.13. Amplification of the nodC Gene
2.14. PCR Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene
2.15. Nodulation Assay
2.16. Acetylene Reduction Assay (ARA)
2.17. Analysis of Bacteria Salinity Stress Tolerance
2.18. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Vegetative Growth Analysis
3.2. Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Contents
3.3. Peroxidation and Electrolyte Leakage
3.4. Carbohydrate Contents
3.5. Selection of Efficient Genotype under Combined Salinity and Flooding
3.6. Rhizobial Strains Selection and nodC Amplification
3.7. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Capacity
4. Discussions
4.1. Stress Conditions Differently Affect Genotype Productivity
4.2. Photosynthesis Does Not Limit Faba Bean Growth under Stress Conditions
4.3. Identification of Salt Tolerant Rhizobial Strains and Their Effect on Symbiosis Performance
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Identification | Unit | Soils | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil 1 | Soil 2 | Soil 3 | ||
Conductivity | µs cm−1 | 153 | 1849 | 173 |
Organic material | g kg−1 DM | 36.4 | 24.7 | 44.1 |
Total organic carbon(TOC) | g kg−1 DM | 16.5 | 8.5 | 11.3 |
Total nitrogen | g kg−1 DM | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
Total phosphorus | g kg−1 DM | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
Exchangeable Potassium | g kg−1 DM | 2.82 | 2.28 | 4.39 |
Clay | % | 12.20 | 6.90 | 9.60 |
Silt | % | 6.38 | 7.70 | 52.10 |
Sand | % | 78.50 | 85.20 | 38 |
Soils | Varieties | Parameters | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDM [mg Plant−1] | RDM [mg Plant−1] | Shoots Length [cm] | Roots Length [cm] | Nodules Number [N plant−1] | |||||||
N | H | N | H | N | H | N | H | N | H | ||
Soil 1 | Saber | 3 d | 1.9 d | 0.7 cd | 0.4 e | 69 b | 66 b | 31 b | 11 d | 17 e | 5 fg |
Locale | 2 d | 1.7 d | 1.1 c | 0.5 de | 66.3 b | 66.3 b | 38.3 a | 8.5 d | 19 e | 3 g | |
Bachar | 3.3 c | 2.5 d | 2.1 b | 1.1 c | 71 b | 69 b | 26 b | 11.7 d | 43 b | 17 e | |
Badii | 4 c | 2.2 d | 1.7 b | 1.3 bc | 71 b | 70 b | 32.7 ab | 20 c | 31 c | 25 d | |
Chourouk | 3.2 c | 2.9 cd | 1.5 b | 1.2 bc | 65.3 b | 58 bc | 27.7 b | 11 d | 25 cd | 10 f | |
Najeh | 5.2 bc | 4.8 bc | 2.7 a | 1.7 b | 62 b | 84.7 a | 33.3 b | 12.3 d | 54 a | 31 c | |
Soil 2 | Saber | 0.9 e | 0.8 e | 0.5 de | 0.4 e | 42.3 d | 40 d | 15.5 cd | 4.3 e | 1 g | 0 |
Locale | 1.2 e | 1.1 e | 1.1 c | 0.8 cd | 58 bc | 44.3 d | 27.7 b | 12 d | 0 | 0 | |
Bachar | 1.1 e | 0.9 e | 0.9 cd | 0.6 de | 55.2 bc | 51.3 c | 18 c | 12.3 d | 1 g | 1 g | |
Badii | 1.2 e | 1.1 e | 0.6 de | 0.6 de | 53.3 c | 50.3 c | 22.7 bc | 18 c | 4 g | 2 g | |
Chourouk | 1.3 e | 1.2 e | 0.6 e | 0.4 e | 56.3 bc | 45.7 d | 17.7 c | 13.7 d | 2 g | 2 g | |
Najeh | 1.6 e | 1.4 e | 0.5 e | 0.8 d | 59.7 bc | 63.3 b | 19.2 c | 23 bc | 5 g | 2 g | |
Soil 3 | Saber | 7.6 a | 1.7 de | 1.6 b | 0.7 d | 67.3 b | 49 c | 32.7 b | 10.3 d | 26 cd | 6 fg |
Locale | 4.5 c | 4.0 c | 2.0 b | 1.2 c | 76.7 a | 59.7 b | 26.3 b | 9.7 d | 28 c | 18 e | |
Bachar | 6.8 ab | 1.7 de | 1.6 b | 0.4 e | 80.7 a | 65 b | 32.3 b | 11.3 d | 34 c | 9 f | |
Badii | 5.7b | 5.5 b | 1.6 b | 1.1 c | 80.7 a | 59 bc | 41 a | 26.3 b | 27 cd | 27 cd | |
Chourouk | 5.6b | 3.1 cd | 1.8 b | 0.8 cd | 79.7 a | 58 bc | 31.3 b | 5.3 e | 27 cd | 9 f | |
Najeh | 7.7 a | 6.3 b | 2.5 a | 1.6 bc | 84.3 a | 67.7 b | 40 a | 19.7 c | 44 b | 30 c |
Soils | Varieties | Parameters | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A [µmol CO2 m−1 s−1] | Gs [mol m−1 s−1] | E [mmol H2O2 m−1 s−1] | Ci [µmol CO2 mol−1] | Chlorophyll [mg g−1 FM] | |||||||
N | H | N | H | N | H | N | H | N | H | ||
Soil 1 | Saber | 11.14 cd | 2.99 h | 0.07 g | 0.03 h | 0.74 fg | 0.95 f | 109 g | 234 de | 15.4 c | 3.8 e |
Locale | 13.54 b | 10.44 d | 0.16 d | 0.13 e | 1.66 e | 2.93 d | 220 e | 236 de | 21.4 ab | 8.8 d | |
Bachar | 10.06 d | 8.86 e | 0.08 fg | 0.03 h | 1.29 ef | 4.56 b | 184 f | 325 b | 10.1 cd | 4.4 de | |
Badii | 13.95 b | 9 de | 0.12 e | 0.08 fg | 0.95 f | 2.60 d | ND | 248 d | 24 a | 14.4 c | |
Chourouk | 11.17 cd | 6.40 f | 0.11 i | 0.06 g | 1.05 f | 2.49 d | 124 g | 251 d | 6.9 de | 11.7 c | |
Najeh | 10.40 d | 4.49 g | 0.12 e | 0.09 f | 1.13 f | 1.67 e | 183 f | 221 e | 6 de | 9.6 cd | |
Soil 2 | Saber | 4.89 g | 4.61 g | 0.11 ef | 0.03 h | 0.35 g | 0.95 f | 125 g | 321 b | 19 b | 8.3 d |
Locale | 6.25 f | 2.09 hi | 0.07 g | 0.07 g | 0.54 g | 1.40 ef | 175 f | 338 b | 13 c | 4.4 e | |
Bachar | 6.24 f | 1.36 i | 0.09 f | 0.07 g | 1.02 f | 1.46 ef | 186 f | 367 a | 10.8 cd | 9.6 d | |
Badii | 5.85 f | 4.45 g | 0.13 e | 0.07 g | 0.82 f | 2.38 d | 289 c | 318 b | 11.8 c | 3 e | |
Chourouk | 6.06 f | 3.42 h | 0.10 f | 0.08 fg | 1.18 f | 1.67 e | 284 c | 321 b | 11.1 cd | 10.4 cd | |
Najeh | 4.37 g | 2.87 h | 0.06 g | 0.04 h | 0.64 fg | 1.49 ef | 230 de | 336 b | 25.9 a | 10.7 cd | |
Soil 3 | Saber | 8.37 e | 5.27 fg | 0.19 c | 0.17 d | 4.28 b | 5.53 a | 291 c | 327 b | 8.5 d | 8.3 d |
Locale | 12.31 c | 8.04 e | 0.14 de | 0.06 g | 2.40 d | 4.10b c | 216 e | 271 cd | 8.8 d | 8.6 d | |
Bachar | 8.49 e | 8.46 e | 0.11 ef | 0.09 f | 3.17 cd | 3.31 c | 243 d | 250 d | 13.5 c | 12.8 c | |
Badii | 9.54 d | 9.96 d | 0.16 d | 0.12 e | 4.08 bc | 4.45 b | 233 de | 275 c | 19.9 b | 8.2 d | |
Chourouk | 10.07 d | 1.36 i | 0.12 e | 0.01 i | 1.35 i | 3.61 c | 217 e | 213 e | 19.8 b | 12 c | |
Najeh | 9.58 de | 16.41 a | 0.11 ef | 0.22 b | 3.51 c | 5.98 a | 222 e | 229 de | 10.3 cd | 15.3 c |
Soil (S) | Genotypes (G) | Treatment (T) | S*G*T | |
---|---|---|---|---|
RL [cm plant−1] | 60.587 ** | 7.020 ** | 767.821 ** | 17.303 ** |
RDM [mg plant−1] | 1070.191 ** | 186.526 ** | 692.104 ** | 89.325 ** |
Number of Nod [N plant−1] | 364.947 ** | 12.171 ** | 322.520 ** | 21.657 ** |
SL [cm plant−1] | 389.572 ** | 30.116 ** | 124.614 ** | 26.336 ** |
SDM [mg Plant−1] | 967.465 ** | 78.886 ** | 344.263 ** | 38.445 ** |
Chlorophyll [mg g−1 FM] | 626.226 ** | 1089.681 ** | 19,213.788 ** | 1771.654 ** |
Strains Code | GenBank Accession Numbers | Identical Strains | % Similarity Compared to the Identified Sequence | Salinity Tolerance Limits (mM) | ARA (µmol h−1Plant−1) | Shoots Length (cm) | Roots Length (cm) | Nodules Number (NN/Plant-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MK809163 | KT387834.1 Rhizobium sp. L5 | 98.98 | 800 | 30.1 ± 0.47 | 29.7 ± 2.5 | 15.2 ± 1.3 | 36 ± 1 |
2 | MK809170 | MH345076.1 Rhizobium laguerreae strain PEPV08 | 98.69 | 350 | 22.8 ± 3.26 | 62 ± 1.7 | 37 ± 1.7 | 20 ± 3 |
3 | MK809176 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 98.65 | 350 | 14.7 ± 1.43 | 58.3 ± 1.5 | 35.7 ± 2.1 | 11 ± 3 |
7 | MK809181 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 97.92 | 400 | 5.6 ± 0.99 | 59 ± 1.7 | 44.6 ± 0.6 | 0 |
12 | MK809162 | EU074196.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain | 98.80 | 800 | 53.0 ± 1.42 | 81.3 ± 2.3 | 39.3 ± 1.2 | 67 ± 4 |
21 | MK809164 | EF549399.1 Rhizobium sp. CCBAU 83480 | 98.78 | 600 | 41.7 ± 1.92 | 69 ± 1 | 27 ± 3 | 50 ± 3 |
23 | MK809165 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 98.69 | 800 | 28.2 ± 0.97 | 74.3 ± 2.5 | 41 ± 1.7 | 31 ± 4 |
24 | MK809166 | KT387835.1 Rhizobium sp. L15 | 98.82 | 450 | 37.6 ± 0.35 | 66.6 ± 3.1 | 36.6 ± 3.1 | 43 ± 3 |
26 | MK809167 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 99.26 | 600 | 44.5 ± 1.08 | 62.6 ± 2.5 | 50.3 ± 1.5 | 56 ± 4 |
28 | MK809168 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 98.54 | 600 | 35.2 ± 0.57 | 66.3 ± 4 | 32.3 ± 2.5 | 47 ± 3 |
29 | MK809169 | MH345080.1 Rhizobium laguerreae strain PEPV31 | 98.97 | 500 | 6.7 ± 0.99 | 61.3 ± 2.3 | 37.6 ± 1.2 | 0 |
34 | MK809171 | KJ532459.1 Rhizobium sp. UFSM-B74 | 99.16 | 350 | 12.3 ± 1.42 | 63 ± 3.6 | 42.3 ± 2.5 | 10 ± 3 |
36 | MK809172 | MH345080.1 Rhizobium laguerreae strain PEPV31 | 92 | 350 | 10.8 ± 1.69 | 76.6 ± 1.5 | 34.3 ± 0.6 | 9 ± 3 |
37 | MK809173 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 98.68 | 350 | 12.3 ± 1.83 | 76.6 ± 2.5 | 31 ± 1 | 9 ± 3 |
38 | MK809174 | JN105993.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 35-1 | 98.97 | 350 | 14.3 ± 0.84 | 72.3 ± 2.5 | 37.6 ± 2.5 | 11 ± 3 |
39 | MK809175 | MH345080.1 Rhizobium laguerreae strain PEPV31 | 97.36 | 600 | 24.7 ± 1.79 | 65.6 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.1 | 21 ± 1 |
41 | MK809177 | KX226363.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum strain PM25 | 95.26 | 800 | 30.5 ± 2.24 | 74 ± 2 | 25 ± 5 | 37 ± 2 |
42 | MK809178 | JF974177.1 Rhizobium sp. PZ-Ar-6-11 | 98.62 | 800 | 20.1 ± 2.27 | 70 ± 3 | 31.3 ± 1.2 | 26 ± 0 |
45 | MK809179 | KU878960.1 Rhizobium sp. SWF23008 | 97.05 | 600 | 25.4 ± 0.97 | 77.3 ± 2.5 | 32.3 ± 4.5 | 22 ± 0 |
48 | MK809180 | KJ634549.1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain SCD23-2 | 98.36 | 350 | 9.6 ± 1.08 | 66 ± 1.7 | 23.6 ± 2.5 | 5 ± 1 |
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Benmoussa, S.; Nouairi, I.; Rajhi, I.; Rezgui, S.; Manai, K.; Taamali, W.; Abbes, Z.; Zribi, K.; Brouquisse, R.; Mhadhbi, H. Growth Performance and Nitrogen Fixing Efficiency of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes in Symbiosis with Rhizobia under Combined Salinity and Hypoxia Stresses. Agronomy 2022, 12, 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030606
Benmoussa S, Nouairi I, Rajhi I, Rezgui S, Manai K, Taamali W, Abbes Z, Zribi K, Brouquisse R, Mhadhbi H. Growth Performance and Nitrogen Fixing Efficiency of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes in Symbiosis with Rhizobia under Combined Salinity and Hypoxia Stresses. Agronomy. 2022; 12(3):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030606
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenmoussa, Sabrine, Issam Nouairi, Imen Rajhi, Saber Rezgui, Khediri Manai, Wael Taamali, Zouhaier Abbes, Kais Zribi, Renaud Brouquisse, and Haythem Mhadhbi. 2022. "Growth Performance and Nitrogen Fixing Efficiency of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes in Symbiosis with Rhizobia under Combined Salinity and Hypoxia Stresses" Agronomy 12, no. 3: 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030606