Land Use Change, Urban Agglomeration, and Urban Sprawl: A Sustainable Development Perspective of Makassar City, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
2.1. Urban Sprawl and Urban Agglomeration
2.2. Transportation System Connectivity
2.3. Sustainable Development of the Suburbs
3. Material and Method
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Study Area
3.3. Method of Collecting Data
3.3.1. Observation
3.3.2. Questionnaire
3.3.3. Documentation
3.4. Data Analysis Method
4. Result
4.1. Determinant of Urban Sprawl and Land Use Change
4.2. Urban Agglomeration and Transportation Systems
5. Discussion
5.1. Urban Sprawl and Urban Agglomeration Handling Solutions
5.2. Sustainability of the Suburbs of Makassar City
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Number | District | Village | Area (Hectare) | Total Population (Person) | Distance to City Center (Kilometers) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Makassar | 13 | 26,536 | 85,515 | 2–5 |
2 | Mariso | 9 | 28,189 | 60,499 | 2–5 |
3 | Tamalate | 10 | 241,359 | 205,541 | 2–5 |
4 | Panakukang | 10 | 156,765 | 149,664 | 5–10 |
5 | Tallo | 14 | 96,153 | 140,330 | 2–5 |
6 | Bontoala | 8 | 1738 | 57,197 | 2–5 |
7 | Ujung Tanah | 8 | 13,631 | 29,054 | 2–5 |
8 | Sangkarrang Islands | 3 | 9688 | 14,531 | 10–20 |
9 | Mamajang | 9 | 25,087 | 61,452 | 2–5 |
10 | Rappocini | 9 | 109,628 | 170,121 | 5–10 |
11 | UjungPandang | 7 | 28,459 | 19,054 | 2–5 |
12 | Wajo | 8 | 20,472 | 31,453 | 2–5 |
13 | Manggala | 6 | 2,291,46 | 149,487 | 2–5 |
14 | Biringkanaya | 7 | 3,678,17 | 220,456 | 5–10 |
15 | Tamalanrea | 6 | 3,857,08 | 115,843 | 5–10 |
Number | Research Question | Research Variable | Indicator | Data Source | Data Collection Instruments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | How do land-use changes and urban sprawl work as determinants of environmental quality degradation in suburban areas. | Land-Use Change | Land-use change is measured by indicators: spatial function, built-up land area, and land-use patterns. | Observation, survey, and documentation. | Field notes, base map of location, questionnaire, and Map of Makassar City land-use data (2006–2020) |
Urban Sprawl | Urban sprawl is measured by indicators: population density, building density, typology, built-in land area ratio, building grouping, and the distance of settlements to the city center. | Observation, survey, and documentation. | Field notes, questionnaires, population density map (2006–2020), building density map (2006–2020), Makassar city development area map (2006–2020), new area development area map of suburban areas | ||
Environmental Quality Decrease | The decline in environmental quality is measured by the following indicators: source of pollution, level of pollution, and carrying capacity of the environment. | Observation, and survey. | Field notes, questionnaires, location base maps, and cameras | ||
2 | How do urban sprawl, urban agglomeration, land-use change, urban activity system, and transportation system affect the environmental quality degradation in suburban areas. | Urban Sprawl | Urban sprawl is measured by indicators: population density, building density, typology, built-in land area ratio, building grouping, and the distance of settlements to the city center. | Observation, survey, and documentation. | Field notes, questionnaires, population density map (2006–2020), building density map (2006–2020), Makassar city development area map (2006–2020), new area development area map of suburban areas. |
Urban Agglomeration | Urban agglomeration is measured by indicators: housing and settlement grouping, trade and service grouping, industrial grouping, educational activity grouping, urban growth, and urban spatial zoning. | Observation and survey. | Field notes, questionnaires, base maps of city activity locations, development maps of suburban areas, and spatial zoning maps. | ||
Land-use change | Land-use change is measured by indicators: spatial function, built-up land area, and land-use patterns. | Observation, survey, and documentation. | Field notes, base map of location, questionnaire, and Map of Makassar City land-use data (2006–2020). | ||
Activity System | The city activity system is measured by indicators: spatial function, built area, movement system, and facilities and infrastructure. | Observation and survey. | Field notes, base maps of location, questionnaires, and cameras. | ||
Environmental Quality Decrease | The decline in environmental quality is measured by the following indicators: source of pollution, level of pollution, and carrying capacity of the environment. | Observation, and survey. | Field notes, questionnaires, location base maps, and cameras. |
Number | District | Total Population (Person) | Number of Respondents |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Makassar | 85,515 | 10 |
2 | Mariso | 60,499 | 6 |
3 | Tamalate | 205,541 | 60 |
4 | Panakukang | 149,664 | 45 |
5 | Tallo | 140,330 | 46 |
6 | Bontoala | 57,197 | 6 |
7 | Ujung Tanah | 29,054 | 4 |
8 | Sangkarrang Islands | 14,531 | 2 |
9 | Mamajang | 61,452 | 6 |
10 | Rappocini | 170,121 | 60 |
11 | UjungPandang | 19,054 | 3 |
12 | Wajo | 31,453 | 4 |
13 | Manggala | 149,487 | 45 |
14 | Biringkanaya | 220,456 | 73 |
15 | Tamalanrea | 115,843 | 30 |
Number | Type of Activity | Space Utilization (Hectares) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 2006–2010 | Percentage (%) | Year 2015–2020 | Percentage (%) | ||
1 | Commercial | 7.34 | 0.04 | 266,143 | 15.14 |
2 | Education | 27.73 | 0.16 | 182,895 | 1.04 |
3 | Settlement | 786,181 | 44.73 | 10,589.31 | 37.97 |
4 | Health | 5.21 | 0.03 | 112,149 | 0.64 |
5 | Offices | 5.77 | 0.03 | 139,155 | 0.79 |
6 | Sports facilities | 53.39 | 0.30 | 621,697 | 3.54 |
7 | Social facilities | 18.77 | 0.11 | 4,349,693 | 24.75 |
8 | Rice fields and mixed gardens | 640,963 | 36.47 | 528,945 | 3.01 |
Parameter | Quantification | Typology | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | Year 2006 | Year 2010 | Year 2020 | |
High | 24.000–34.000 | 1 | 1 | 1, 2 |
Moderate | 13.000–24.000 | 1, 2 | 1, 2 | 2 |
Low | 0–13.000 | 1, 2, 3 | 1, 2, 3 | 1, 2, 3 |
Building Density | ||||
High | 79–100 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Moderate | 59–79 | - | 2 | 2 |
Low | 0–59 | 1, 2, 3 | 2, 3 | 3 |
Distance to City Center (CBD) | ||||
Far | 7001–12.000 | 2, 3 | 3 | 3 |
Moderate | 3.000–7.000 | 1, 2 | 1, 2, 3 | 1, 2, 3 |
Near | 0–3.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Development within Road Network Coverage | ||||
Affordable | 0.9–1.00 | 1, 2 | 1, 2 | 1 |
Quite Affordable | 0.8–0.9 | 1, 2, 3 | 1, 2, 3 | 1, 2 |
Unreachable | 0.7–0.8 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
The Pattern of Development Is Irregular | ||||
High | 1.200–1.900 | - | 3 | 3 |
Moderate | 600–1.200 | 3 | 1, 3 | 1, 2 |
Low | 200–600 | 1, 2 | 1, 2 | 1 |
Urban Agglomeration | City Center Area (CBD) | Transition Zone | Fringe Zone | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land Area (ha) | % of CBD Area | Land Area (ha) | % of Transition Zone Area | Land Area (ha) | % to Area of Suburban Zone | |
Settlement | 510.34 | 65.29 | 4252.45 | 30.75 | 1889.74 | 8.90 |
Offices | 5.77 | 0.74 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Education | 5.63 | 0.72 | 152.90 | 1.11 | 24.36 | 0.11 |
Trading | 101.92 | 13.04 | 180.53 | 1.31 | 25.67 | 0.12 |
Industry | 0.00 | 0.00 | 219.80 | 1.59 | 401.90 | 1.89 |
Hotels and Tourist Facilities | 32.44 | 4.15 | 117.40 | 0.85 | 21.26 | 0.10 |
Correlation | Coefficient | Error | t-Count | t-Table | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Sbi | |||||||
Urban Sprawl to environmental degradation (ryx1) | 0.191 | 0.067 | 2.872 | 1.84 | ||||
Urban agglomeration to environmental degradation (ryx2) | 0.138 | 0.053 | 2.854 | 1.84 | ||||
Land-use change to environmental quality degradation (ryx3) | 0.406 | 0.097 | 4.184 | 1.84 | ||||
City activity system to environmental quality degradation (ryx4) | 0.201 | 0.069 | 2.689 | 1.84 | ||||
Transportation system to environmental degradation (ryx5) | 0.132 | 0.065 | 2.652 | 1.84 | ||||
Source Variant | Sum of Squares (JK) | Free Degrees (db) | Average of the Sum of the Squares (RJK) | F-Count | F-Table α = 0.05 | |||
Regression Residue | 32,504 1458 | 7 12 | 6.547 0.076 | 86,144 | 6.76 | |||
Total | 33,962 | 19 | - | - | - | |||
R | R2 | db1 | db2 | F-count | F-table | |||
0.927 | 0.859 | 7 | 12 | 86,144 | 6.76 |
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Surya, B.; Salim, A.; Hernita, H.; Suriani, S.; Menne, F.; Rasyidi, E.S. Land Use Change, Urban Agglomeration, and Urban Sprawl: A Sustainable Development Perspective of Makassar City, Indonesia. Land 2021, 10, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060556
Surya B, Salim A, Hernita H, Suriani S, Menne F, Rasyidi ES. Land Use Change, Urban Agglomeration, and Urban Sprawl: A Sustainable Development Perspective of Makassar City, Indonesia. Land. 2021; 10(6):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060556
Chicago/Turabian StyleSurya, Batara, Agus Salim, Hernita Hernita, Seri Suriani, Firman Menne, and Emil Salim Rasyidi. 2021. "Land Use Change, Urban Agglomeration, and Urban Sprawl: A Sustainable Development Perspective of Makassar City, Indonesia" Land 10, no. 6: 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060556