The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
2.1. Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands
2.1.1. CWs with Free-Floating Macrophytes
2.1.2. CW with Floating-Leaved Macrophytes
2.1.3. CW with Submerged Macrophytes
2.1.4. CWs with Emergent Macrophytes
2.1.5. CWs with Floating Mats of Emergent Macrophytes
2.1.6. CWs with Trees
2.2. Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
2.2.1. Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetlands
2.2.2. Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands
2.3. Zero-Discharge Constructed Wetlands
2.4. Hybrid Constructed Wetlands
3. Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands as Treatment Technology for Wastewaters
3.1. The Early Stages of Constructed Wetland Treatment Technology Development
3.2. The Rapid Growth of Constructed Wetlands Technology across the World
3.3. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in the 21st Century
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- operation strategies (such as aeration, microbial fuel cells and bioaugmentation);
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- supply of electron donors to enhance the removal of selected inorganic anions;
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- selection of filter materials for higher sorption capacity and microbial biofilm establishment;
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- determination of functions of various bacteria groups on pollution removal;
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- selection of macrophytes for enhanced removal of pollutants;
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- effect of constructed wetlands on greenhouse gas emissions;
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- efficacy of constructed wetlands to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
4. The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Various Types of Wastewater
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of (Waste) Water | Examples of Use |
---|---|
Sewage | Domestic, municipal, combined sewer overflow |
Drainage | Acid/alkaline coal mines, metal ores mines, agricultural tile drainage |
Feedlots | Livestock, poultry, pigs, milking parlors |
Aquacultures | Freshwater fish, marine fish, shrimp |
Food processing | Dairy, cheese, winery, brewery, distillery, sugar, olive mills, fish, soft drinks, abattoir, meat processing |
Other industries | Tannery, textile, electroplating, pulp and paper, glass, explosives, refineries, oil drilling water, rubber industry |
Runoff waters | Urban, highway, airport, greenhouses, nurseries, golf courses, agricultural fields |
Landfill leachate |
Experimental | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Wastewater | References |
1952 | Phenol wastewater | [128] |
1956 | Sewage and dairy wastewater | [129] |
1956 | Livestock wastewater | [64] |
1965 | Sludge dewatering | [130] |
1973 | Textile wastewater | [131] |
1975 | Photographic laboratory wastewater | [132] |
1978 | Acid mine drainage | [133] |
1980 | Electroplating wastewater | [134] |
1980 | Removal of cresol | [135] |
1980 | Piggery effluent | [110] |
1980 | Abattoir wastewater | [109] |
1981 | Heavy metals removal | [136] |
1981 | Tannery wastewater | [137] |
1982 | Agricultural drainage effluent | [138] |
1982 | Pesticides | [139] |
1982 | Sugar refinery wastewater | [140] |
1982 | Benzene and its derivatives | [141] |
1982 | Rubber industry effluent | [142] |
1983 | Pulp/paper mill wastewater | [143,144] |
1985 | Seafood processing wastewater | [145] |
1986 | Potato starch industry wastewater | [146] |
1986 | Cyanides and chlorophenols | [147] |
1987 | Meat processing wastewater | [148] |
1988 | Landfill leachate | [149,150] |
1989 | Chicken farm wastewater | [151] |
1991 | Fish aquaculture | [152] |
1991 | Phenanthrene | [153] |
1994 | Hydrocarbons | [154] |
1995 | Lignite pyrolysis wastewater | [155] |
1997 | Winery wastewater | [156] |
1998 | Coke plant wastewater | [157] |
2000 | Linear alkylbenzensulfonates (LAS) | [158] |
2001 | Steel processing industry wastewaters | [159] |
2001 | Brewery wastewater | [160] |
2001 | Electric utility wastewater | [161] |
2003 | Azo dyes removal | [162] |
2004 | Chlorobenzene removal | [163] |
2004 | Steel mill effluent | [164] |
2006 | Sugarcane molasse stillage from ethanol production | [165] |
2008 | Brine treatment | [166] |
2008 | Coffee fruit processing wastewater | [167] |
2010 | Saline aquaculture wastewater | [168] |
2010 | Brackish shrimp growout system | [169] |
2105 | Bauxite residue drains | [170] |
2017 | Rice noodles wastewater | [171] |
2018 | Glass industry wastewater | [172] |
2019 | Batik wastewater | [173] |
2020 | Jewelry industry wastewater | [174] |
Operational | ||
Year | Wastewater | References |
1967 | Sewage | [66] |
1974 | Sludge dewatering | [175] |
1975 | Oil refinery wastewater | [176] |
1978 | Textile wastewater | [177] |
1979 | Fish rearing pond discharge | [178] |
1982 | Acid mine drainage | [179,180] |
1983 | Urban stormwater runoff | [99] |
1983 | Rubber industry effluent | [142] |
1985 | Dairy wastewater | [41] |
1986 | Seepage from piled pig muck | [181] |
1986 | Ash pond seepage | [182] |
1987 | Thermally affected wastewater | [183] |
1988 | Livestock wastewater | [102] |
1988 | Pulp/paper mill wastewater | [107] |
1988 | Pesticides | [184] |
1989 | Landfill leachate | [185] |
1989 | Airport runoff | [186] |
1989 | Reduction of lake eutrophication | [187] |
1990 | Lake water | [188] |
1991 | Woodwaste leachate | [189] |
1992 | Bakery wastewater | [190] |
1992 | Channel catfish pond effluent | [191] |
1992 | Sugar beet processing wastewater | [192] |
1992 | Combined sewer overflow | [193] |
1993 | Pesticides in agricultural runoff | [194] |
1993 | Highway runoff | [195] |
1994 | Abattoir wastewater | [196] |
1994 | Airport runoff | [197] |
1994 | Poultry wastewater | [198] |
1995 | Greenhouse wastewater | [199] |
1995 | Nitroaromatic organic compounds | [200] |
1995 | Potato processing wastewater | [201] |
1996 | Explosives | [202,203] |
1997 | Hydrocarbons | [204] |
1997 | Hospital wastewaters | [117] |
1998 | Trout farm effluent | [205] |
1998 | Golf course runoff | [206] |
1998 | Nylon and ethylene polymers | [207] |
1999 | Molasses-based distillery effluent | [208] |
1999 | Winery wastewater | [156] |
1999 | Distillery wastewater | [208] |
2000 | Surfactant removal | [209] |
2000 | Subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pastures | [210] |
2001 | Tannery wastewater | [211] |
2002 | Tool factory wastewater | [212] |
2002 | Pharmaceuticals removal | [213] |
2003 | Olive mill wastewater | [214] |
2004 | Sugar factory effluent | [215] |
2007 | Mountain cheese factory | [216] |
2009 | Flower farm effluent | [217] |
2010 | Brewery wastewater | [218] |
2010 | Brackish shrimp aquaculture wastewater | [168] |
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Vymazal, J. The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Land 2022, 11, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020174
Vymazal J. The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Land. 2022; 11(2):174. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020174
Chicago/Turabian StyleVymazal, Jan. 2022. "The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment" Land 11, no. 2: 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020174