Glacial–Interglacial Cycles and Early Human Evolution in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geographical and Archaeological Settings
2.2. Glacial–Interglacial Climatic Changes
2.3. The Chronological Sequence of Early Human Evolution in China
2.3.1. The Nihewan Basin
2.3.2. The QMR
2.3.3. The Lower Reaches of the YRV
2.3.4. The Southern China
3. Results
Spatio-Temporal Variations of Hominin Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. The Climate-Evolution Hypothesis
4.2. The Migration and Dispersal of Early Humans in China
4.3. Potential Driving Mechanisms of Population Dynamics in China
4.3.1. Climate–Terrestrial Ecosystem–Hominins
4.3.2. Climate–Landform–Hominins
4.3.3. Climate–Hominins
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Site | Age (Ma) | Dating Method | Loess–Paleosol Period | MIS | Homo (Species) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Shanshenmiaozui | 1.77–1.05 | PM | S24–L12 | 63–30 | [110] | |
2 | Shangshazui | 1.7–1.6 | PM | L24–S23 | 60–55 | [111] | |
3 | Putaoyuan | 1.6–1.5 | PM | S23–S21 | 55–50 | [112] | |
4 | Shigou | 1.6 | PM | S23–S22 | 55–50 | [37] | |
5 | Lanpo | 1.6 | PM | S23–S23 | 55–50 | [113] | |
6 | Majuangou 1–3 | 1.66–1.55 | PM | L24–S22 | 58–53 | [37,114] | |
7 | Dachangliang | 1.36 | PM | S17 | 43 | [115] | |
8 | Xiaochangliang | 1.36 | PM | S17 | 43 | [116] | |
9 | Banshan | 1.32 | PM | S17 | 41 | [117] | |
10 | Nanshanbian | 1.3 | PM | S16 | 40 | [118] | |
11 | Feilang | 1.2 | PM | S13 | 36 | [119] | |
12 | Madigou | 1.2 | PM | S13 | 36 | [120] | |
13 | Cenjiawan | 1.1 | PM | L12 | 32 | [121] | |
14 | Donggutuo | 1.1 | ESR | L12 | 32 | [122] | |
15 | Huojiadi | ~1 | PM | S11 | 28 | [123] | |
16 | Maliang | 0.78 | ESR | S7 | 19 | [122] | |
17 | Zhoukoudian locality-1 | 0.77; 0.55–0.3 | 26Al/10Be; ESR/U | S7 | 19 | H. erectus | [124] |
18 | Zhuwobao | ~0.5 | ESR | S5 | 13 | [125] | |
19 | Hougou | 0.395 | PM | S4 | 11 | [126] | |
20 | Dongpo | 0.321 | ESR | S3 | 9 | [127] | |
21 | Motianling | 0.315 | OSL | S3 | 9 | [128] | |
22 | Queergou | 0.268 | OSL | L3 | 8 | [128] | |
23 | Shangchen | 2.12–1.26 | PM | S27–S15 | 80–38 | [129] | |
24 | Gongwangling | 1.63 | PM | L24 | 57 | H. erectus | [70] |
25 | Xihoudu | 1.27;1.4 | PM;26Al/10Be | S15 | 39 | [130,131] | |
26 | Longgangsi Locality 1–4 | 1.27–0.58 | post-IR IRSL; PM | S15–S5 | 39–15 | [132,133] | |
27 | Meipu | ~0.99–0.78 | BS; PM | S9–S7 | 28–19 | H. erectus | [134] |
28 | Yuelianghu | ~0.99–0.82 | PM; SC | S9–S8 | 28–21 | [135] | |
29 | Yunxian Man | 0.89–0.71 | PM | L9–S6 | 22–17 | H. erectus | [136] |
30 | Guanmenyan | 0.82–0.79 | PM; SC | L8 | 21–19 | [135] | |
31 | Shangbaichuan | 0.78 | PM | S7 | 19 | [137] | |
32 | Bailongdong Cave | 0.76 | 26Al/10Be | S7 | 18 | H. erectus | [138] |
33 | Miaokou | 0.7–0.6 | PM; OSL | S7–S5 | 17–15 | [139] | |
35 | Chenjiawo | 0.65 | PM | L6 | 16 | H. erectus | [37] |
34 | Liuwan | ~0.6 | OSL; PM | S5 | 15 | [140] | |
36 | Shuangshu | 0.65–0.52 | ESR | L6–S5 | 16–13 | [141] | |
37 | Qiaojiayao | 0.62–0.6 | OSL; PM | S5 | 15 | [142] | |
38 | Yaochangwan | 0.58–0.47 | TT-OSL; SC | S5–L5 | 15–12 | [132] | |
39 | Jiuchang | 0.58–0.47 | post-IR IRSL; PM | S5–L5 | 15–12 | [36] | |
40 | Luojiacun | 0.58–0.47 | post-IR, IRSL | S5–L5 | 15–12 | [132] | |
41 | Wujiagou | 0.58–0.47 | 26Al/10Be; PM | S5–L5 | 15–12 | [36] | |
42 | Pengjiahe | 0.58–0.47 | SC | S5–L5 | 15–12 | [132] | |
43 | Longyadong Cave | 0.41–0.26 | TT-OSL | S4–L3 | 11–8 | H. erectus | [143] |
44 | Jijiawan | 0.4–0.1 | OSL; post-IR IRSL; PM | S4–L2 | 11–5 | [144] | |
45 | Maling 2A | 0.39–0.22 | OSL | S4–S2 | 11–7 | [145] | |
46 | Dali Man | 0.27–0.26 | post-IR IRSL | L3 | 8 | Archaic H. sapiens | [146] |
47 | Zhoupo | 0.25–0.18 | TL | S2–L2 | 8–6 | [147] | |
48 | Dingcun | 0.21–0.16 | U | S2–L2 | 7–6 | [148] | |
49 | Yujiashan | 0.2 | U | S2 | 7 | [149] | |
50 | Beiyao | 0.2–0.07 | OSL | S2–L2 | 7–4 | [150] | |
51 | Yuling Man | 0.156 | U | L2 | 6 | Homo? | [151] |
52 | Renzidong cave | 1.24–1.03; 2.5–2.2 | ESR; PM | S15–S10 | 37–29 | [152,153] | |
53 | Qiliting Lower layer | 0.94–0.89 | PM | L9 | 25–22 | [154] | |
Qiliting Upper layer | 0.3–0.12 | PM | S3–L2 | 8–5 | [154] | ||
54 | Chenshan | 0.82–0.13 | ESR | S8–L2 | 21–6 | [155] | |
55 | Yangshan | 0.73–0.4 | ESR | L7–S4 | 18–11 | [156] | |
56 | Maozhushan | ~0.6 | ESR | S5 | 15 | [157] | |
57 | Heshangdun | 0.5–0.13 | PM | L5–L2 | 13–6 | [158] | |
58 | Fangniushan Layer 8 | 0.45–0.21 | ESR | L5–S2 | 12–7 | [159] | |
59 | Hexian Man | 0.412 | ESR/U | S4 | 11 | H. erectus | [64] |
60 | Chaoxian Man/Yinshan | 0.36–0.31 | U | L4–S3 | 10–9 | Archaic H. sapiens | [160] |
61 | Nanjing Man | 0.35; 0.62–0.58 | ESR; U | L4 | 10 | H. erectus | [66,161] |
62 | Hualong Cave | 0.331–0.275 | U | S3–L3 | 9–8 | H. erectus | [162] |
63 | Lianhuadong Cave | 0.3–0.1 | U | S3–S1 | 8–5 | Archaic H. sapiens? | [163] |
64 | Shilongtou layer 1 | ~0.28 | U | L3 | 8 | [164] | |
65 | Longgupo | 2.48–2.2 | PM; ESR/U | L32–S29 | 98–84 | Ape | [165] |
66 | Mohui Cave | 1.7–1.3 | ESR/U | L24–S16 | 60–40 | H. erectus | [166,167] |
67 | Yuanmou Man | 1.7; 1.54 | PM; 26Al/10Be | L24 | 60 | H. erectus | [67,168] |
68 | Yangwu | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [169] | |
69 | Baigu | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [169] | |
70 | Fengshudao | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [170] | |
71 | Nanbanshan/Da Mei | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [171] | |
72 | Nalai | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [172] | |
73 | Baifeng | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [173] | |
74 | Gaolingpo Lower layer | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [174] | |
75 | Liuhuaishan | 0.8 | 40Ar/39Ar; SC | L8 | 20 | [175] | |
76 | Panlong Cave | >0.441 | U | L5 | 12 | Archaic H. sapiens | [176] |
77 | Baidu | 0.4–0.3 | SC | S4–S3 | 11–9 | [177] | |
78 | Yumi Cave | 0.4–0.008 | U | S4–S1 | 11–4 | [178] | |
79 | Panxiandadong Cave | 0.3–0.12 | OSL | S3–L2 | 8–5 | [179] | |
80 | Maba Man | ~0.3 | U | S3 | 8 | Archaic H. sapiens | [69] |
81 | Zhangkou Cave | ~0.3 | U | S3 | 8 | Archaic H. sapiens | [180] |
82 | Yanhui Cave | ~0.24–0.21 | U | S2 | 7 | H. erectus | [181] |
83 | Xiaohui Cave | 0.23–0.13 | U | S2–L2 | 7–6 | Archaic H. sapiens | [182] |
84 | Lingfeng Cave | ~0.2 | U | S2 | 7 | [183] | |
85 | Changyang Man | 0.20–0.14 | U | S2–L2 | 7–6 | Archaic H. sapiens | [184] |
86 | Xinglong Cave | 0.15–0.12 | U | L2 | 6–5 | [185] | |
87 | Dongzhongyan | 0.148 | U | L2 | 6 | Archaic H. sapiens | [186] |
88 | Ranjialukou | 0.143 | OSL | L2 | 6 | [187] | |
89 | Jiaojiedong | 0.175 | U | L2 | 6 | [188] | |
90 | Dayao | ~0.43 | OSL | L5 | 11–9 | [189] | |
91 | Jinniushan locality A | 0.23–0.2 | TL | S2 | 7 | Archaic H. sapiens | [190] |
92 | Miaohoushan | ~0.53 | U | S5 | 13 | Homo.? | [191] |
93 | Yiyuan Man | 0.42–0.32; 0.64 | ESR/U; 26Al/10Be | L5–S3 | 11–9 | H. erectus | [192,193] |
94 | Baishiya Cave | 0.16 | U | L2 | 6 | [194] | |
95 | Yangshang | 0.22–0.1 | OSL | S2–L2 | 7–5 | [195] |
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Qin, Z.; Sun, X. Glacial–Interglacial Cycles and Early Human Evolution in China. Land 2023, 12, 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091683
Qin Z, Sun X. Glacial–Interglacial Cycles and Early Human Evolution in China. Land. 2023; 12(9):1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091683
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Zhenyu, and Xuefeng Sun. 2023. "Glacial–Interglacial Cycles and Early Human Evolution in China" Land 12, no. 9: 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12091683