Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of the Most Common Neurological Causes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cranial Nerves
3.1.1. Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve)
3.1.2. Nerve IV (Trochlear Nerve)
3.1.3. Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
3.1.4. Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Bell’s Palsy
Central Palsy
Moebius Syndrome
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Melkersson–Rosenthal Syndrome
Hemifacial Spasm
Miller Fisher Syndrome
3.2. Developmental Disorders
3.2.1. Parry–Romberg Syndrome (PRS)
3.2.2. Asymmetric Crying Facies (ACF)
3.2.3. Dyke–Davidoff–Masson Syndrome
3.2.4. Harlequin Syndrome
3.2.5. Klippel–Feil Syndrome
3.2.6. CHARGE Syndrome
3.2.7. HOXA1 Syndromes: Athabascan Brain Stem Dysgenesis Syndrome (ABDS) and Bosley–Salih–Alorainy Syndrome (BSAS)
3.2.8. Isolated Hereditary Congenital Facial Paresis (HCFP)
3.3. Myopathies
3.3.1. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
3.3.2. Titinopathy
3.3.3. Myotonic Dystrophy (MD) Type 1
3.3.4. Carey–Fineman–Ziter Syndrome (CFZS)
3.3.5. Nemaline Myopathy
3.4. Headache
3.4.1. Cluster Headache
3.4.2. Masticatory Muscles Headache
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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cranial nerves | oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve trigeminal nerve facial nerve |
developmental disorders | Parry–Romberg syndrome (PRS) Asymmetric crying facies (ACF) Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome Harlequin syndrome Klippel–Feil syndrome CHARGE syndromeHOXA1 syndromes Isolated Hereditary Congenital Facial Paresis (HCFP) |
myopathies | Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy Titinopathy Myotonic dystrophy (MD) type 1 Nemaline myopathy Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome (CFZS) |
headache | cluster headache masticatory muscles headache |
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Chojdak-Łukasiewicz, J.; Paradowski, B. Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of the Most Common Neurological Causes. Symmetry 2022, 14, 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040737
Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Paradowski B. Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of the Most Common Neurological Causes. Symmetry. 2022; 14(4):737. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040737
Chicago/Turabian StyleChojdak-Łukasiewicz, Justyna, and Bogusław Paradowski. 2022. "Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of the Most Common Neurological Causes" Symmetry 14, no. 4: 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040737