Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids at Azegour Mo-Cu-W Skarn Deposit, Western High Atlas, Morocco: Evidence from Mineral Chemistry and Fluid Inclusions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Sampling and Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Petrography and Geochemistry of the Azegour Intrusion
4.2. Mineral Assemblage and Zonation of the Skarn
4.3. Mineral Chemistry of Pyroxene and Garnet
4.3.1. Pyroxene
4.3.2. Garnet
4.4. Metasomatic Alteration and Mineralization
4.5. Fluid Inclusions Petrography and Microthermometry
4.5.1. Petrography and Classification of Fluid Inclusions
4.5.2. Microthermometry
Prograde Skarn Stage
Retrograde Skarn Stage
5. Discussion
5.1. Relationship between Skarn Type and the Granitoid Geochemistry
5.2. Fluid Evolution and Mineralization Process
6. Conclusions
- (i)
- The ore deposition resulted from the interplay between fluids and the carbonate host rock. By examining mineralogical and geological characteristics, we can classify the Azegour deposit as a proximal skarn system, closely linked with the Permian granitic intrusion (Azegour granite) in terms of spatial correlation. The major and trace element contents of the Azegour pluton are generally comparable to those of the Mo skarn granitoids.
- (ii)
- The skarnification processes and their evolutionary trend can be divided into four stages: (Early prograde stage → Late prograde stage → Early retrograde stage → Late retrograde stage). The sulfide mineralizations are developed mainly during the retrograde phases. They exhibit an early prograde phase with dominant assemblage minerals of wollastonite, diopside, andradite, and grandite; this stage appears relatively “oxidized”, transitioning to late prograde and retrograde stages, principally with grossular, hedenbergite, and hydrous silicates, respectively, which are termed “reduced” and confirmed by the presence of a small portion of subcalcic garnet (almandine) and johannsenite. These anomalies potentially signify changes in the oxygen fugacities and temperatures of the fluids involved in the mineralization process.
- (iii)
- Microthermometric data indicate a trend of decreasing temperatures and salinities from the early to late stages for both mineralization episodes. Fluid boiling is considered the main reason for tungsten mineralization in the prograde stage. Sulfide ores are formed as a result of the interaction/mixing between magmatic hydrothermal fluids with high temperatures and salinities released from the Azegour granite and an external fluid component, which is composed of metamorphic and meteoric fluid and characterized by low temperatures and salinities.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Sample No. | Z-86 | Z-87 | Z-99 | Z-88 | Z-89 | Z-92 | Z-82 | Z-100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major oxide (wt%) | ||||||||
SiO2 | 78.28 | 76.49 | 77.11 | 77.35 | 76.93 | 78.01 | 76.59 | 77.41 |
TiO2 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.08 |
AL2O3 | 11.51 | 11.79 | 12.32 | 12.34 | 12.13 | 12.5 | 12.28 | 12.74 |
Fe2O3(t) | 0.33 | 1.19 | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.22 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.85 |
MnO | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
CaO | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.3 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 0.34 |
MgO | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
Na2O | 2.48 | 2.12 | 2.52 | 2.65 | 2.57 | 2.47 | 2.42 | 3.01 |
K2O | 4.75 | 5.74 | 5.18 | 5.15 | 4.86 | 4.91 | 5.21 | 4.53 |
P2O5 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
LOI | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.87 | 0.41 | 0.48 |
Total | 97.75 | 97.79 | 98.19 | 98.73 | 97.31 | 98.96 | 98.05 | 99.04 |
Trace elements (ppm) | ||||||||
Ni | 4.52 | 5.71 | 5.04 | 5.64 | 5.76 | 4.85 | 5.2 | 7.09 |
Cu | 14.06 | 15.26 | 5.24 | 30.66 | 4.14 | 102.6 | 18.53 | 6.29 |
Zn | 9.03 | 121.9 | 13.5 | 18.7 | 14.6 | 263.5 | 72.8 | 12.74 |
Sc | 2.38 | 2.3 | 1.73 | 4.91 | 1.38 | 1.93 | 1.62 | 2.56 |
Ga | 18 | 18.8 | 18.3 | 27.6 | 16.6 | 20.3 | 19.9 | 26.4 |
Rb | 198.9 | 212.8 | 194.9 | 210 | 180.1 | 182.1 | 134.4 | 201.2 |
Sr | 21.6 | 24.2 | 38.9 | 19 | 44.7 | 22.4 | 35.5 | 17.4 |
Li | 8.29 | 10.01 | 11.79 | 5.83 | 16.36 | 5.67 | 25.77 | 15.7 |
Y | 5.24 | 10.56 | 8.93 | 11.19 | 9.31 | 9.07 | 20.07 | 9 |
Zr | 65.2 | 68.4 | 78.8 | 75.7 | 121 | 81 | 94.5 | 87.2 |
Nb | 23.2 | 25.1 | 19.1 | 71.4 | 17.9 | 24.8 | 30.1 | 34.6 |
Pb | 8.2 | 106.7 | 8.1 | 27.9 | 19.9 | 118.5 | 47.3 | 13 |
Th | 27.37 | 32.78 | 23.52 | 20.21 | 32.1 | 34.3 | 37.74 | 29.2 |
U | 5.2 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 9.3 | 6.1 | 8.6 | 13.8 | 7.1 |
Ba | 165.7 | 484 | 224.8 | 307.9 | 289.8 | 160.1 | 178.4 | 98.52 |
Co | bdl | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.08 | bdl | 1.8 | 1.98 | 1.47 |
Cr | 2 | 2.56 | 2.86 | 3.5 | 4.93 | 2.25 | 5.22 | 7.16 |
V | 1.04 | 6.1 | 3.57 | 3.05 | 2.45 | 3.17 | 3.56 | 2.45 |
La | 14.51 | 25.58 | 23.64 | 19.54 | 17.83 | 14.46 | 32.5 | 16.88 |
Ce | 28.86 | 38.88 | 41.08 | 37.46 | 35.53 | 28.4 | 60.43 | 26.47 |
Eu | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.02 |
Nd | 2.65 | 9.28 | 8.51 | 4.84 | 7.47 | 4.07 | 15.45 | 4.37 |
Yb | 1.05 | 1.96 | 1.79 | 2.48 | 1.76 | 2.01 | 3.02 | 2.69 |
Nb/Y | 4.43 | 2.38 | 2.14 | 6.38 | 1.92 | 2.73 | 1.5 | 3.85 |
La/Yb | 13.87 | 13.06 | 13.18 | 7.88 | 10.11 | 7.19 | 10.75 | 6.27 |
A/CNK | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.2 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 1.27 | 1.13 | 1.22 |
Rock Type | Sample No. | Mineral Facies | Mineral Assemblage | Characteristic Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marble | Z1A,Z5A,Z5B,Z5B2,Z22,Z64,Z59,Z84,Z103,Z111,Z112 | Cal + Dol | Cal + Dol ± Px (Di) ± Sp ± Scp ± Ph | Marble show a heterogeneous composition, varying from pure calcite to calcite dolomite (Cc + Dt), with a few clasts of quartz, to dolomites with pelitic, volcanic and pyroclastic fractions. |
Skarn | Z6A3,Z6AB,Z6B1,Z6B3,Z7A2,Z7B1,Z7B2,Z8A,Z8B,Z32A,Z35C,Z53,Z69,Z60 | Wo-Grt zone | Wo + Grt (Grs-Adr) ± Px (Di-Hd) ± Qz ± Cal ± Amp ± Sch ± Ves | Wollastonite developing directly on the marble. The contact between grenatites and wollastonitites is diffuse and progressive and garnets as isolated crystals or polycristalline clusters can appear within wollastonitites. |
ZA2,Z4C1,Z4C2,Z9,Z9B,Z10,Z11A,Z11B,Z12B,Z13,Z14A,Z14B,Z17,Z18A,A19,Z21B,Z23A,Z23B,Z24A,Z24B,Z25A,Z25B,Z37A,Z37B,Z41A,Z41B,Z61,Z70,Z78,Z79,Z102,Z110,Z114,Z125B | Grt zone | Grt (Grs-Adr) + Px (Di-Hd) ± Sch ± Ves ± Sph ± Qz ± Cal ± Kfs ± Pl (Ab) ± Amp ± Ep ± Chl ± Ms ± Pect ± Sulphides ± Hem ± Oli | Zoned garnet is replaced by pyroxene. Calcite and chlorite are the main alteration products and interstitial quartz and calcite are observed. Pores and fractures of garnet are filled with quartz, calcite and k-feldspar crystals. |
Sample No. | Z7B2A | Z7B2B | Z6B1A | Z6B1B | Z6B1C | Z7B2 | Z54 | Z20A | Z20B | Z18A | Z18B | Z4C1A | Z4C1B | Z49A | Z49B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(wt %) | |||||||||||||||
SiO2 | 53.04 | 51.19 | 50.60 | 49.94 | 49.72 | 49.71 | 52.19 | 51.13 | 50.60 | 49.72 | 49.71 | 51.13 | 50.60 | 50.13 | 50.57 |
TiO2 | 0.13 | 0.58 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.79 | 0.17 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.25 |
Al2O3 | 0.64 | 2.35 | 3.18 | 3.46 | 3.71 | 3.42 | 0.65 | 2.59 | 2.18 | 1.71 | 1.42 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 1.53 | 1.82 |
FeO | 6.55 | 9.98 | 9.26 | 9.35 | 10.28 | 11.14 | 11.91 | 12.42 | 13.93 | 16.38 | 16.14 | 18.42 | 18.42 | 19.93 | 18.92 |
MnO | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
MgO | 14.06 | 11.91 | 11.93 | 11.73 | 11.35 | 10.80 | 10.98 | 8.72 | 7.36 | 7.35 | 7.80 | 4.72 | 4.96 | 3.72 | 3.96 |
CaO | 24.65 | 24.11 | 24.05 | 23.79 | 23.55 | 23.36 | 24.11 | 24.02 | 24.05 | 23.55 | 23.36 | 23.02 | 23.65 | 22.60 | 22.98 |
Na2O | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.85 | 0.65 |
K2O | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.02 | 0.02 | bdl | bdl | 0.01 | bdl | 0.02 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Total | 99.86 | 100.79 | 100.65 | 99.96 | 100.27 | 99.78 | 100.74 | 100.04 | 99.24 | 100.07 | 99.58 | 99.02 | 99.35 | 99.38 | 99.40 |
Cations on the basis of 6 oxygen atoms | |||||||||||||||
Si | 3.74 | 3.69 | 3.66 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.66 | 3.74 | 3.72 | 3.73 | 3.68 | 3.71 | 3.79 | 3.77 | 3.76 | 3.77 |
Ti | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | bdl | 0.01 | bdl |
Al (IV) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Al (VI) | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Fe2+ | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.62 |
Fe3+ | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.36 |
Mn | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Mg | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
Ca | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.40 | 1.39 | 1.39 | 1.42 | 1.42 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.44 | 1.40 | 1.41 |
Na | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
K | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
% Di | 61.80 | 48.22 | 50.08 | 49.33 | 46.03 | 42.99 | 41.29 | 35.10 | 28.24 | 25.41 | 26.86 | 16.12 | 16.78 | 12.22 | 13.56 |
% Hd | 35.74 | 50.49 | 48.57 | 49.49 | 52.51 | 56.21 | 56.31 | 63.61 | 70.36 | 73.20 | 72.45 | 82.79 | 82.14 | 86.73 | 85.34 |
% Jo | 2.46 | 1.29 | 1.34 | 1.18 | 1.46 | 0.80 | 2.40 | 1.29 | 1.40 | 1.38 | 0.69 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.10 |
Sample no. | Z54A | Z54B | Z48A | Z48B | Z4A | Z4B | Z9A | Z9B | Z6B1A | Z6B1B | Z7B2A | Z7B2C | ZT7 | ZT8 | ZT9 | ZT10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(wt %) | ||||||||||||||||
SiO2 | 42.40 | 40.43 | 39.85 | 38.85 | 44.43 | 38.54 | 38.45 | 37.96 | 38.09 | 38.01 | 36.84 | 36.72 | 35.26 | 35.26 | 34.36 | 34.93 |
TiO2 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.04 | bdl | bdl | 0.87 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.01 |
Al2O3 | 17.89 | 19.21 | 21.74 | 28.99 | 13.29 | 15.01 | 25.07 | 26.27 | 24.39 | 23.06 | 16.06 | 17.28 | 1.30 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 4.88 |
FeO | 5.13 | 3.09 | 10.97 | 5.44 | 11.38 | 9.58 | 9.83 | 8.88 | 11.44 | 11.85 | 3.25 | 2.82 | 29.14 | 29.83 | 30.67 | 26.54 |
MnO | 0.13 | 0.12 | bdl | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.10 | bdl | bdl | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.35 |
MgO | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 3.46 | 3.29 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
CaO | 27.67 | 36.49 | 20.48 | 24.23 | 35.06 | 36.27 | 23.91 | 23.11 | 23.28 | 23.42 | 36.24 | 36.32 | 33.33 | 32.48 | 33.64 | 31.22 |
Na2O | 0.34 | bdl | 0.03 | bdl | 0.02 | bdl | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.21 |
K2O | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
Cr2O3 | bdl | 0.01 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
Total | 95.01 | 100.65 | 93.63 | 97.83 | 104.48 | 100.04 | 97.47 | 96.57 | 97.27 | 96.52 | 96.76 | 96.44 | 99.81 | 99.13 | 99.79 | 99.07 |
Cations on the basis of 12 oxygen atoms | ||||||||||||||||
Si | 3.33 | 3.04 | 3.13 | 2.80 | 3.27 | 2.99 | 2.91 | 2.86 | 2.92 | 2.97 | 2.92 | 2.91 | 2.96 | 3.00 | 2.91 | 2.94 |
Al (IV) | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.20 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.04 | bdl | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Al (VI) | 1.66 | 1.71 | 2.05 | 2.37 | 1.18 | 1.40 | 2.19 | 2.26 | 2.16 | 2.11 | 1.43 | 1.54 | 0.10 | 0.05 | bdl | 0.46 |
Ti | 0.03 | 0.04 | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.02 | 0.01 | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.05 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
Cr | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
Fe3+ | bdl | 0.19 | bdl | bdl | 0.47 | 0.51 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | 0.22 | 0.19 | 1.58 | 1.62 | 1.68 | 1.30 |
Fe2+ | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.92 | bdl | bdl | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.57 |
Mn | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | bdl | 0.02 | bdl | 0.01 | bdl | bdl | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Mg | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | bdl | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.01 | 0.01 | bdl | 0.02 |
Ca | 2.33 | 2.94 | 1.72 | 1.87 | 2.77 | 3.02 | 1.94 | 1.87 | 1.91 | 1.96 | 3.08 | 3.09 | 3.00 | 2.96 | 3.06 | 2.82 |
Total | 7.81 | 7.99 | 7.91 | 8.06 | 7.94 | 8.08 | 8.02 | 8.04 | 8.02 | 8.00 | 8.19 | 8.20 | 8.19 | 8.17 | 8.22 | 8.19 |
% And | bdl | 9.82 | bdl | bdl | 29.08 | 27.12 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | 12.57 | 10.39 | 92.44 | 97.07 | 97.02 | 72.81 |
% Gro | 93.72 | 87.51 | 63.06 | 69.63 | 70.27 | 71.91 | 68.67 | 67.14 | 66.88 | 67.76 | 71.55 | 75.23 | 6.13 | 1.41 | 2.03 | 25.58 |
% Alm | 2.84 | bdl | 34.99 | 29.46 | bdl | bdl | 31.03 | 32.11 | 32.97 | 31.82 | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl |
% Pyr | 3.10 | 2.36 | 1.95 | 0.49 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 15.89 | 14.37 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.68 |
% Spe | 0.34 | 0.28 | bdl | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.10 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 0.24 | bdl | bdl | 1.10 | 1.02 | 0.81 | 0.93 |
Host Mineral | FI Type | Size (µm) | Eutectic Temperature Te (°C) | Ice-melting Temperature Tm (°C) | Halite Dissolution Temperature Td (°C) | Final Homogenization Temperature Th (°C) | Salinity (wt% NaCl Equivalent) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyroxene (n = 16) | L | 10–30 | −59.0 to −40.0 | −11.2 to −6.4 | ---- | 390 to 460 | 9.7–15.2 |
S | 10–40 | −78.5 to −40.0 | −38.1 to −18.1 | >600 | >600 | >73.9 | |
Garnet (n = 19) | L | 10–15 | −84.5 to −46.5 | −36.0 to −8.3 | ---- | >600 | 12.0–32.8 |
S | 10–25 | −84.2 to −46.5 | −35.5 to −19.3 | 580 to >600 | 535 to >600 | 64.7–>73.9 | |
Quartz (n = 48) | L1 | 10–30 | −53.0 to −45.0 | −13.7 to −11.4 | ---- | >600 | 15.4–17.5 |
L2 | 10–30 | −53.0 to −46.0 | −13.7 to −11.4 | ---- | 223 to 246 | 15.0–16.6 | |
V | 5–20 | −51.3 to −35.3 | −7.2 to −1.2 | ---- | 468.3 to >600 | 2.1–10.7 | |
S | 15–30 | −66.0 to −45.0 | −31.6 to −8.2 | >600 | >600 | >73.9 | |
Calcite (n = 28) | L | 10–15 | −55.3 to −30.6 | −0.6 to −8.5 | ---- | 160 to 358 | 2.0–11.9 |
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El Khalile, A.; Aissa, M.; Touil, A.; Hibti, M.; Loudaoued, I.; Bilal, E. Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids at Azegour Mo-Cu-W Skarn Deposit, Western High Atlas, Morocco: Evidence from Mineral Chemistry and Fluid Inclusions. Minerals 2023, 13, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121537
El Khalile A, Aissa M, Touil A, Hibti M, Loudaoued I, Bilal E. Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids at Azegour Mo-Cu-W Skarn Deposit, Western High Atlas, Morocco: Evidence from Mineral Chemistry and Fluid Inclusions. Minerals. 2023; 13(12):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121537
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Khalile, Abdessamed, Mohamed Aissa, Ahmed Touil, Mohamed Hibti, Ilyasse Loudaoued, and Essaid Bilal. 2023. "Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids at Azegour Mo-Cu-W Skarn Deposit, Western High Atlas, Morocco: Evidence from Mineral Chemistry and Fluid Inclusions" Minerals 13, no. 12: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13121537